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Microbial corrosion (MIC) bụ nsogbu siri ike n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, n'ihi na ọ nwere ike ibute nnukwu mfu akụ na ụba.A na-eji Super duplex igwe anaghị agba nchara 2707 (2707 HDSS) na gburugburu mmiri n'ihi nguzogide kemịkalụ ya dị mma.Agbanyeghị, egosipụtabeghị nguzogide ya na MIC.Ọmụmụ ihe a nyochara omume MIC 2707 HDSS kpatara site na nje aerobic mmiri mmiri Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Nyocha electrochemical gosiri na n'ihu Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm na 2216E ọkara, mgbanwe dị mma na ikike nke corrosion na mmụba nke njupụta corrosion ugbu a na-eme.Nyocha nke X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) gosiri mbelata nke ọdịnaya Cr n'elu ihe nlele n'okpuru biofilm.Nyocha a na-ahụ anya nke olulu gosiri na P. aeruginosa biofilm mepụtara omimi olulu kachasị nke 0.69 µm n'ime ụbọchị 14 nke incubation.Ọ bụ ezie na nke a dị ntakịrị, ọ na-egosi na 2707 HDSS adịghị egbochi kpamkpam na MIC nke P. aeruginosa biofilms.
A na-eji igwe anaghị agba nchara duplex (DSS) eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche n'ihi nchikota zuru oke nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ dị mma na nguzogide corrosion1,2.Agbanyeghị, olulu mpaghara ka na-eme ma na-emetụta iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke steel3,4.DSS anaghị eguzogide microbial corrosion (MIC)5,6.N'agbanyeghị ụdị ngwa dị iche iche maka DSS, a ka nwere gburugburu ebe nguzogide corrosion nke DSS ezughị maka iji ogologo oge.Nke a pụtara na a na-achọ ihe ndị dị oke ọnụ nke nwere nguzogide corrosion dị elu.Jeon et al7 chọpụtara na ọbụlagodi super duplex igwe anaghị agba nchara (SDSS) nwere ụfọdụ oke n'ihe gbasara nguzogide corrosion.Ya mere, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a chọrọ super duplex igwe anaghị agba nchara (HDSS) nwere nguzogide corrosion dị elu.Nke a butere mmepe nke HDSS alloyed nke ukwuu.
Nguzogide corrosion DSS dabere na nha nke usoro alfa na gamma wee mebie na mpaghara Cr, Mo na W 8, 9, 10 n'akụkụ akụkụ nke abụọ.HDSS nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya nke Cr, Mo na N11, yabụ ọ nwere ezigbo nguzogide corrosion yana uru dị elu (45-50) nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nguzogide pitting (PREN) nke wt.% Cr + 3.3 (wt.% Mo + kpebisiri ike). 0.5 wt. .% W) + 16% wt.N12.Nguzogide corrosion ya kacha mma dabere na ngwakọta ziri ezi nwere ihe dịka 50% ferritic (α) na 50% austenitic (γ).HDSS nwere ihe eji arụ ọrụ ka mma yana iguzogide corrosion chloride dị elu.Nguzogide corrosion emelitere na-agbatị iji HDSS na gburugburu chloride na-eme ihe ike dị ka gburugburu mmiri.
MIC bụ nnukwu nsogbu n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ dịka mmanụ na gas na ụlọ ọrụ mmiri14.MIC na-aza 20% nke mmebi nrụrụ niile15.MIC bụ corrosion bioelectrochemical nke enwere ike ịhụ n'ọtụtụ gburugburu.Biofilms nke na-etolite n'elu igwe na-agbanwe ọnọdụ electrochemical, si otú ahụ na-emetụta usoro corrosion.A kwenyere n'ọtụtụ ebe na MIC corrosion sitere na biofilms kpatara.Electrogenic microorganisms na-erichapụ ọla iji nweta ume ha chọrọ iji dị ndụ17.Nnyocha MIC na nso nso a egosila na EET (nfefe elektrọn ọzọ) bụ ihe na-egbochi ọnụego na MIC sitere na microorganisms electrogenic.Zhang et al.18 gosipụtara na ndị na-ahụ maka elektrọn na-eme ka nnyefe nke electrons dị n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ Desulfovibrio sessificans na 304 igwe anaghị agba nchara, na-ebute mwakpo MIC ka njọ.Anning et al.19 na Wenzlaff et al.20 egosila na biofilms nke nje bacteria na-ebelata sulfate na-emebi emebi (SRBs) nwere ike ịmịnye elektrọn ozugbo site na ihe ndị na-emepụta ígwè, na-ebute oke mmiri.
A maara DSS na ọ nwere ike ịnweta MIC na mgbasa ozi nwere SRB, nje bacteria na-ebelata ígwè (IRBs), wdg 21.Nje bacteria ndị a na-ebute nsị mpaghara n'elu DSS n'okpuru biofilms22,23.N'adịghị ka DSS, HDSS24 MIC amachaghị nke ọma.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa bụ nje gram-adịghị mma, motile, nje nke yiri mkpanaka nke na-ekesa na okike25.Pseudomonas aeruginosa bụkwa otu nnukwu microbial na gburugburu mmiri, na-ebute mkpokọta MIC dị elu.Pseudomonas na-arụsi ọrụ ike na usoro mmebi ahụ ma bụrụ onye amara dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ colonizer n'oge nhazi biofilm.Mahat et al.28 na Yuan et al.29 gosipụtara na Pseudomonas aeruginosa na-achọ ịbawanye ọnụego corrosion nke ígwè dị nro na alloys na gburugburu mmiri.
Ebumnuche bụ isi nke ọrụ a bụ iji nyochaa njirimara nke MIC 2707 HDSS nke nje aerobic nke mmiri mmiri Pseudomonas aeruginosa kpatara site na iji usoro electrochemical, ụzọ nyocha elu na nyocha ngwaahịa corrosion.Emere ọmụmụ ihe elektrọnik, gụnyere ike sekit mepere emepe (OCP), nguzogide polarization linear (LPR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), na ike dynamic polarization, iji mụọ omume nke MIC 2707 HDSS.E mere nyocha ihe nleba anya na-agbasa ike (EDS) iji chọpụta ihe kemịkalụ n'elu ala mebiri emebi.Na mgbakwunye, a na-eji X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) iji chọpụta nkwụsi ike nke ihe nkiri oxide n'okpuru mmetụta nke gburugburu mmiri nke nwere Pseudomonas aeruginosa.A tụrụ omimi nke olulu ndị ahụ n'okpuru microscope laser confocal (CLSM).
Isiokwu 1 na-egosi ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ 2707 HDSS.Tebụl 2 na-egosi na 2707 HDSS nwere ihe eji arụ ọrụ mara mma yana ike mkpụrụ nke 650 MPa.Na fig.1 na-egosi microstructure ngwa anya nke okpomọkụ ngwọta 2707 HDSS.Na microstructure nwere ihe dị ka 50% austenite na 50% ferrite, a na-ahụ eriri elongated nke austenite na ferrite na-enweghị usoro nke abụọ.
Na fig.2a na-egosi ike sekit mepere emepe (Eocp) megide oge ikpughe maka 2707 HDSS na 2216E abiotic medium na P. aeruginosa broth maka ụbọchị 14 na 37°C.Ọ na-egosi na mgbanwe kachasị ukwuu na nke kachasị na Eocp na-apụta n'ime awa 24 mbụ.Ụkpụrụ Eocp n'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ ruru na -145 mV (tụnyere SCE) gburugburu 16 h wee daa nke ọma, na-eru -477 mV (tụnyere SCE) na -236 mV (tụnyere SCE) maka ihe atụ abiotic.na Pseudomonas aeruginosa Kupọns, n'otu n'otu).Mgbe awa 24 gachara, uru Eocp 2707 HDSS maka P. aeruginosa kwụsiri ike na -228 mV (ma e jiri ya tụnyere SCE), ebe uru dabara adaba maka ihe nlele na-abụghị nke ndu bụ ihe dịka -442 mV (tụnyere SCE).Eocp n'ihu P. aeruginosa dị obere.
Ọmụmụ ihe elektrọnik nke 2707 HDSS sample na abiotic media na Pseudomonas aeruginosa broth na 37 Celsius C:
(a) Eocp dị ka ọrụ nke oge ikpughe, (b) ntụgharị polarization na ụbọchị 14, (c) Rp dị ka ọrụ nke oge ikpughe, na (d) icorr dị ka ọrụ nke oge ikpughe.
Tebụlụ 3 na-egosi paramita corrosion electrochemical nke 2707 HDSS sample ekpughere na mgbasa ozi abiotic na Pseudomonas aeruginosa gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'ime ụbọchị iri na anọ.A na-ewepụ tangents nke anode na cathode curves iji nweta intersections na-enye njupụta corrosion ugbu a njupụta (icorr), ikike corrosion (Ecorr) na mkpọda Tafel (βα na βc) dị ka usoro ọkọlọtọ30,31 si dị.
Dị ka e gosiri na fig.2b, ngbanwe nke elu na ntụgharị P. aeruginosa mere ka mmụba na Ecorr jiri ya tụnyere usoro abiotic.Uru icorr, nke dabara na ọnụ ọgụgụ corrosion, mụbara ruo 0.328 µA cm-2 na ihe atụ Pseudomonas aeruginosa, nke dị okpukpu anọ karịa na nlele na-abụghị nke ndu (0.087 µA cm-2).
LPR bụ usoro eletrọkị kemịkalụ na-anaghị emebi emebi maka nyocha corrosion ngwa ngwa.Ejikwala ya mụọ MIC32.Na fig.2c na-egosi nguzogide polarization (Rp) dị ka ọrụ nke oge ikpughe.Uru Rp dị elu pụtara obere corrosion.N'ime awa 24 mbụ, Rp 2707 HDSS gbagoro na 1955 kΩ cm2 maka ụdị abiotic na 1429 kΩ cm2 maka ụdị Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Ọgụgụ 2c na-egosikwa na uru Rp gbadara ngwa ngwa ka otu ụbọchị gachara wee nọgide na-agbanweghị agbanwe n'ime ụbọchị iri na atọ sochirinụ.Uru Rp nke ihe nlele Pseudomonas aeruginosa dị ihe dịka 40 kΩ cm2, nke dị obere karịa uru 450 kΩ cm2 nke ihe nlele na-abụghị nke ndu.
Uru nke icorr dabara na ọnụego corrosion otu.Enwere ike gbakọọ ọnụ ahịa ya site na ngụkọ Stern-Giri:
Dị ka Zoe et al.33, a na-ahụkarị uru Tafel mkpọda B na ọrụ a ka ọ bụrụ 26 mV / dec.Ọgụgụ 2d na-egosi na icorr nke ihe nlele na-abụghị nke ndu 2707 ka kwụsiri ike, ebe nlele P. aeruginosa gbanwere nke ukwuu mgbe awa 24 mbụ gasịrị.The icorr ụkpụrụ nke P. aeruginosa samples bụ usoro nke ịdị ukwuu karịa nke na-abụghị nke ndu njikwa.Omume a kwekọrọ na nsonaazụ nke nguzogide polarisation.
EIS bụ ụzọ ọzọ na-adịghị emebi emebi a na-eji akọwa mmeghachi omume elektrọnịkị n'elu ala mebiri emebi.Ihe nlere anya nke impedance na ọnụ ọgụgụ ike gbakọọ nke nlele ekpughere na gburugburu abiotic na ngwọta Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ihe nkiri na-agafe agafe / biofilm eguzogide Rb kpụrụ n'elu ihe nlele, nkwụghachi ụgwọ Rct, Cdl Cdl (EDL) eletriki okpukpu abụọ na capacitance nke QCPE na mgbe niile. (CPE).A na-enyochakwa ihe ndị a site n'itinye data ahụ site na iji ụdị sekit (EEC).
Na fig.3 na-egosi atụmatụ Nyquist ahụkarị (a na b) na Bode plot (a' na b') maka 2707 HDSS sample na abiotic media na P. aeruginosa broth maka oge incubation dị iche iche.Dayameta nke mgbanaka Nyquist na-ebelata n'ihu Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Atụmatụ Bode (Fig. 3b') na-egosi mmụba na mkpokọta mgbochi.Enwere ike nweta ozi gbasara oge izu ike mgbe niile site na usoro maxima.Na fig.4 na-egosi nhazi anụ ahụ dabere na monolayer (a) na bilayer (b) na EEC ndị kwekọrọ.A na-ewebata CPE n'ime ụdị EEC.Ekwuputara nnabata ya na mgbochi ya dị ka ndị a:
Modelsdị anụ ahụ abụọ na sekit dabara adaba maka ịkwado ụdịdị impedance nke sample 2707 HDSS:
ebe Y0 bụ uru KPI, j bụ ọnụọgụ echiche ma ọ bụ (-1) 1/2, ω bụ ugboro angular, n bụ akara ike KPI na-erughị otu35.Ntugharị nguzogide mbufe ụgwọ (ya bụ 1/Rct) dabara na ọnụego corrosion.Rct pere mpe, ọnụ ọgụgụ corrosion dị elu27.Mgbe ụbọchị iri na anọ nke incubation gasịrị, ihe nlele Rct nke Pseudomonas aeruginosa ruru 32 kΩ cm2, nke dị obere karịa 489 kΩ cm2 nke ihe nlele na-abụghị nke ndu (Table 4).
Ihe onyonyo CLSM na onyonyo SEM dị na eserese 5 na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya na mkpuchi biofilm n'elu HDSS sample 2707 mgbe ụbọchị 7 gachara.Otú ọ dị, mgbe ụbọchị 14 gasịrị, mkpuchi biofilm adịghị mma ma ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ pụtara.Tebụl 5 na-egosi ọkpụrụkpụ biofilm na 2707 HDSS samples mgbe ekpughere P. aeruginosa maka ụbọchị 7 na 14.Ọkpụrụkpụ biofilm kachasị gbanwere site na 23.4 µm mgbe ụbọchị 7 gachara ruo 18.9 µm mgbe ụbọchị iri na anọ gachara.Nkezi ọkpụrụkpụ biofilm gosikwara omume a.Ọ gbadara site na 22.2 ± 0.7 μm mgbe ụbọchị 7 gachara ruo 17.8 ± 1.0 μm mgbe ụbọchị iri na anọ gachara.
(a) onyonyo 3-D CLSM na ụbọchị 7, (b) onyonyo 3-D CLSM na ụbọchị iri na anọ, (c) onyonyo SEM na ụbọchị asaa, yana (d) onyonyo SEM na ụbọchị iri na anọ.
EMF kpughere kemịkalụ kemịkalụ na biofilms na ngwaahịa corrosion na nlele ekpughere na P. aeruginosa maka ụbọchị 14.Na fig.Ọnụọgụ 6 na-egosi na ọdịnaya nke C, N, O, na P na biofilms na ngwaahịa corrosion dị elu karịa na ọla dị ọcha, ebe ọ bụ na ihe ndị a jikọtara ya na biofilms na metabolites ha.Ụmụ nje chọrọ naanị chromium na ígwè nchọta.Ọkwa dị elu nke Cr na Fe na biofilm na ngwaahịa corrosion n'elu ihe nlele na-egosi na matrix metal ahụ furu efu ihe n'ihi mmebi.
Mgbe ụbọchị 14 gachara, a hụrụ olulu nwere na enweghị P. aeruginosa na ọkara 2216E.Tupu incubation, elu nke samples bụ ire ụtọ na-enweghị ntụpọ (Fig. 7a).Mgbe incubation na mwepụ nke biofilm na corrosion ngwaahịa, a na-enyocha olulu miri emi n'elu ihe nlele site na iji CLSM, dị ka e gosiri na Fig. 7b na c.Ọnweghị olulu doro anya ahụrụ n'elu njikwa na-abụghị nke ndu (oke omimi pitting 0.02 µm).Omimi olulu kachasị nke P. aeruginosa kpatara bụ 0.52 µm na ụbọchị 7 na 0.69 µm na ụbọchị 14, dabere na nkezi olulu olulu kachasị site na ihe atụ 3 (a na-ahọrọ 10 omimi olulu maka nlele ọ bụla).Mmezu nke 0.42 ± 0.12 µm na 0.52 ± 0.15 µm, n'otu n'otu (Table 5).Ụkpụrụ omimi oghere ndị a dị ntakịrị mana ọ dị mkpa.
(a) tupu ikpughe, (b) ụbọchị iri na anọ na gburugburu ebe obibi abiotic, na (c) ụbọchị iri na anọ na broth Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Na fig.Tebụl 8 na-egosi ụdịdị XPS dị iche iche nke ihe nlele dị iche iche, na ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nyochara maka elu ọ bụla ka a chịkọtara na tebụl 6. Na tebụl 6, pasent atọ nke Fe na Cr n'ihu P. aeruginosa (ihe nlele A na B) bụ. dị ala karịa nke njikwa na-abụghị nke ndu.(ihe atụ C na D).Maka ihe atụ P. aeruginosa, ihe nrịbama nke dị na ọkwa nke Cr 2p nucleus dabara na akụkụ anọ kachasị elu na ike ike (BE) nke 574.4, 576.6, 578.3 na 586.8 eV, nke nwere ike ịsị na Cr, Cr2O3, CrO .na Cr (OH) 3, n'otu n'otu (Fig 9a na b).Maka ihe nlele na-abụghị nke ndu, ụdịdị dị iche iche nke ọkwa Cr 2p bụ isi nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ isi abụọ maka Cr (573.80 eV maka BE) na Cr2O3 (575.90 eV maka BE) na fig.9c na d, n'otu n'otu.Ihe dị iche iche dị ịrịba ama n'etiti ihe nlele abiotic na P. aeruginosa samples bụ ọnụnọ nke Cr6 + na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke Cr (OH) 3 (BE 586.8 eV) n'okpuru biofilm.
Ihe ngosi XPS sara mbara nke elu nke sample 2707 HDSS na mgbasa ozi abụọ bụ ụbọchị 7 na 14, n'otu n'otu.
(a) ụbọchị 7 ikpughe P. aeruginosa, (b) ikpughe ụbọchị 14 na P. aeruginosa, (c) ụbọchị 7 na gburugburu ebe obibi abiotic, na (d) ụbọchị 14 na gburugburu ebe obibi abiotic.
HDSS na-egosipụta ọkwa dị elu nke nguzogide corrosion n'ọtụtụ gburugburu.Kim et al.2 kọrọ na HDSS UNS S32707 chọpụtara dị ka DSS nke ukwuu alloyed na PREN karịrị 45. Uru PREN nke sample 2707 HDSS n'ime ọrụ a bụ 49. Nke a bụ n'ihi nnukwu ọdịnaya chromium na nnukwu ọdịnaya. molybdenum na nickel, nke bara uru na gburugburu acidic.na gburugburu ebe nwere nnukwu chloride.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ihe mejupụtara nke ọma na microstructure na-enweghị ntụpọ na-aba uru maka nkwụsi ike nhazi na nguzogide corrosion.Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị ezigbo nguzogide kemịkal ya, data nyocha na ọrụ a na-egosi na 2707 HDSS adịghị egbochi kpamkpam P. aeruginosa biofilm MIC.
Nsonaazụ electrochemical gosiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ corrosion nke 2707 HDSS na broth P. aeruginosa mụbara nke ukwuu mgbe ụbọchị 14 gasịrị ma e jiri ya tụnyere gburugburu ebe obibi.Na eserese 2a, a hụrụ mbelata nke Eocp ma na usoro abiotic yana na broth P. aeruginosa n'ime awa 24 mbụ.Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, biofilm na-ekpuchi elu nke ihe nlele ahụ kpamkpam, Eocp wee kwụsie ike36.Agbanyeghị, ọkwa Eocp dị ndụ dị elu karịa ọkwa Eocp na-abụghị nke ndu.Enwere ihe mere ị ga-eji kwere na ọdịiche a jikọtara ya na nhazi nke P. aeruginosa biofilms.Na fig.2d n'ihu P. aeruginosa, icorr 2707 HDSS uru ruru 0.627 μA cm-2, nke bụ usoro dị elu karịa nke nchịkwa abiotic (0.063 μA cm-2), bụ nke kwekọrọ na ọnụ ahịa Rct tụrụ. nke EIS.N'ime ụbọchị ole na ole mbụ, ụkpụrụ impedance na broth P. aeruginosa mụbara n'ihi ntinye nke sel P. aeruginosa na nhazi nke biofilms.Otú ọ dị, mgbe biofilm na-ekpuchi kpamkpam n'elu ihe atụ, ihe mgbochi ahụ na-ebelata.A na-awakpo oyi akwa nchebe bụ isi n'ihi nhazi nke biofilms na biofilm metabolites.N'ihi ya, nguzogide corrosion na-ebelata ka oge na-aga na ntinye nke P. aeruginosa kpatara mmebi nke mpaghara.Usoro na gburugburu abiotic dị iche.Nguzogide corrosion nke njikwa na-abụghị nke ndu dị elu karịa uru kwekọrọ ekwekọ nke ihe nlele ekpughere na broth P. aeruginosa.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, maka ntinye nke abiotic, uru Rct 2707 HDSS ruru 489 kΩ cm2 na ụbọchị 14, nke dị okpukpu 15 karịa uru Rct (32 kΩ cm2) n'ihu P. aeruginosa.Ya mere, 2707 HDSS nwere ezigbo nguzogide corrosion na gburugburu ebe adịghị mma, mana ọ naghị eguzogide MIC sitere na P. aeruginosa biofilms.
Enwere ike ịhụ nsonaazụ ndị a site na mkpọda polarization na fig.2b.Ejikọla alaka anodic na nhazi biofilm Pseudomonas aeruginosa yana mmeghachi omume oxidation metal.N'okwu a, mmeghachi omume cathodic bụ mbelata oxygen.Ọnụnọ nke P. aeruginosa budata ụbara njupụta corrosion ugbu a, banyere usoro ịdị ukwuu dị elu karịa na njikwa abiotic.Nke a na-egosi na P. aeruginosa biofilm na-akwalite corrosion mpaghara nke 2707 HDSS.Yuan et al.29 chọpụtara na njupụta corrosion ugbu a nke Cu-Ni 70/30 alloy mụbara n'okpuru ọrụ nke P. aeruginosa biofilm.Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi biocatalysis nke mbelata oxygen site na Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms.Nlebanya a nwekwara ike ịkọwa MIC 2707 HDSS n'ọrụ a.Enwere ike ịnwe obere ikuku oxygen n'okpuru biofilms aerobic.Ya mere, ọjụjụ iji ikuku oxygen na-ebugharị ígwè ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-enye aka na MIC na ọrụ a.
Dickinson et al.38 tụrụ aro na ọnụego nke mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ na electrochemical nwere ike imetụta ya ozugbo site na ọrụ metabolic nke nje sessile n'elu ihe nlele yana ọdịdị ngwaahịa corrosion.Dị ka egosiri na eserese 5 na tebụl 5, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ na ọkpụrụkpụ biofilm belatara mgbe ụbọchị iri na anọ gasịrị.Enwere ike ịkọwa nke a n'ụzọ ezi uche dị na ya na mgbe ụbọchị iri na anọ gachara, ọtụtụ n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ sessile dị n'elu 2707 HDSS nwụrụ n'ihi ụkọ nri na 2216E ọkara ma ọ bụ ntọhapụ nke ion metal na-egbu egbu site na 2707 HDSS matrix.Nke a bụ mmachi nke nnwale ogbe.
N'ime ọrụ a, P. aeruginosa biofilm nyere aka na njedebe mpaghara nke Cr na Fe n'okpuru biofilm n'elu 2707 HDSS (Fig 6).Tebụl 6 na-egosi mbelata nke Fe na Cr na sample D ma e jiri ya tụnyere C, na-egosi na mgbaze Fe na Cr nke P. aeruginosa biofilm mere ka ọ dịgidere maka ụbọchị 7 mbụ.A na-eji gburugburu 2216E mee ka ebe obibi mmiri dị.O nwere 17700 ppm Cl-, nke a na-atụnyere ọdịnaya ya na mmiri oke osimiri.Ọnụnọ nke 17700 ppm Cl- bụ isi ihe kpatara mbelata nke Cr na nlele abiotic ụbọchị 7 na 14 nke XPS nyochara.E jiri ya tụnyere P. aeruginosa samples, mgbasa nke Cr n'ụdị abiotic dị obere karịa n'ihi nguzogide siri ike nke 2707 HDSS na chlorine n'okpuru ọnọdụ abiotic.Na fig.9 na-egosi ọnụnọ Cr6+ na ihe nkiri na-agafe agafe.Ọ nwere ike itinye aka na mwepụ nke chromium site na nchara nchara site na P. aeruginosa biofilms, dị ka Chen na Clayton tụrụ aro.
N'ihi uto nke nje bacteria, ụkpụrụ pH nke ọkara tupu na mgbe a kụrụ ya bụ 7.4 na 8.2, n'otu n'otu.Ya mere, n'okpuru P. aeruginosa biofilm, organic acid corrosion eleghi anya na ọ ga-enye aka na ọrụ a n'ihi pH dị elu dị elu na nnukwu ihe.PH nke usoro nchịkwa na-abụghị nke ndu agbanwebeghị nke ukwuu (site na 7.4 mbụ ruo 7.5 ikpeazụ) n'oge ule ụbọchị 14.Mmụba nke pH na usoro inoculation mgbe emechara ya na-ejikọta ya na ọrụ metabolic nke P. aeruginosa ma chọpụta na ọ nwere otu mmetụta ahụ na pH na enweghị mpempe ule.
Dị ka egosiri na eserese 7, omimi olulu kachasị nke P. aeruginosa biofilm kpatara bụ 0.69 µm, nke dị ukwuu karịa nke usoro abiotic (0.02 µm).Nke a dabara na data electrochemical nke akọwara n'elu.Omimi olulu nke 0.69 µm karịrị okpukpu iri pere mpe karịa uru 9.5 µm a kọrọ maka 2205 DSS n'okpuru otu ọnọdụ ahụ.Data ndị a na-egosi na 2707 HDSS na-egosipụta nguzogide dị mma na MIC karịa 2205 DSS.Nke a ekwesịghị iju ya anya ebe 2707 HDSS nwere ọkwa Cr dị elu nke na-enye ohere ịgafe ogologo oge, na-esikwu ike ịkwụsị P. aeruginosa, yana n'ihi usoro nhazi ya nke ọma na-enweghị oke mmiri ozuzo nke abụọ na-emerụ ahụ.
N'ikpeazụ, a chọtara olulu MIC n'elu 2707 HDSS na broth P. aeruginosa ma e jiri ya tụnyere olulu ndị na-adịghị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi abiotic.Ọrụ a na-egosi na 2707 HDSS nwere nguzogide dị mma na MIC karịa 2205 DSS, mana ọ bụghị kpamkpam na MIC n'ihi P. aeruginosa biofilm.Nsonaazụ ndị a na-enyere aka na nhọrọ nke igwe anaghị agba nchara kwesịrị ekwesị na ndụ ndụ maka gburugburu mmiri.
Coupon maka 2707 HDSS nke Northeast University (NEU) School of Metallurgy nyere na Shenyang, China.E gosipụtara ihe mejupụtara nke 2707 HDSS na Tebụl 1, nke NEU Materials Analysis and Test Department nyochara.A na-edozi ihe nlele niile maka ngwọta siri ike na 1180 ° C maka 1 hour.Tupu nnwale corrosion, 2707 HDSS nwere ụdị mkpụrụ ego nwere oghere mepere emepe nke 1 cm2 ka ejiri akwụkwọ sandpaper silicon carbide grit wee jiri 0.05 µm Al2O3 ntụ ntụ na-ehicha ya.A na-echebe akụkụ na ala na agba inert.Mgbe ihichachara, a na-asacha ihe atụ ndị ahụ na mmiri mmiri na-adịghị mma na sterilized na 75% (v / v) ethanol maka 0,5 h.A na-akpọsa ha n'ikuku n'okpuru ọkụ ultraviolet (UV) maka awa 0,5 tupu ejiri ya.
Azụtara mmiri Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain MCCC 1A00099 site na Xiamen Marine Culture Collection Center (MCCC), China.Pseudomonas aeruginosa toro n'okpuru ọnọdụ ikuku na 37 ° C. na 250 ml flasks na 500 ml iko electrochemical cell na-eji Marine 2216E mmiri mmiri mmiri (Qingdao Hope Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China).Ọkara nwere (g/l): 19.45 NaCl, 5.98 MgCl2, 3.24 Na2SO4, 1.8 CaCl2, 0.55 KCl, 0.16 Na2CO3, 0.08 KBr, 0.034 SrCl2, 0.02, 300, BO.0. 0016 6NH26NH3, 3.0016 NH3 5.0 pepton, 1.0 wepụ yist na 0.1 citrate ígwè.Autoclave na 121 Celsius C maka nkeji 20 tupu inoculation.Gụọ mkpụrụ ndụ sessile na planktonic nwere hemocytometer n'okpuru microscope ọkụ na mmụba 400x.Nleba mbụ nke planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa ozugbo emechara ọgwụ ahụ bụ ihe dịka sel 106 / ml.
Emere ule kemịkalụ elektrọnik n'ime cell iko iko atọ nke nwere oke nha nke 500 ml.Ejikọtara mpempe akwụkwọ platinum na calomel electrode juputara (SAE) na reactor site na Luggin capillaries jupụtara na àkwà mmiri nnu, bụ nke jere ozi dị ka counter na electrodes, n'otu n'otu.Maka imepụta electrodes na-arụ ọrụ, a na-ejikọta waya ọla kọpa rubberized na nlele ọ bụla ma kpuchie ya na resin epoxy, na-ahapụ ihe dịka 1 cm2 nke ebe na-enweghị nchebe maka electrode na-arụ ọrụ n'otu akụkụ.N'oge nha electrochemical, a na-etinye ihe nlele ahụ na etiti 2216E ma debe ya na okpomọkụ mgbe niile (37 Celsius) na mmiri ịsa ahụ.A tụrụ OCP, LPR, EIS na data nwere ike ịdị ike site na iji Autolab potentiostat (Ntụaka 600TM, Gamry Instruments, Inc., USA).Edere ule LPR n'ogo nyocha nke 0.125 mV s-1 na nso -5 ruo 5 mV nwere Eocp yana ọnụego nlele nke 1 Hz.Emere EIS site na iji sine ebili mmiri n'ogo nke 0.01 ruo 10,000 Hz site na iji voltaji etinyere nke 5 mV na steeti Eocp kwụ ọtọ.Tupu ihichapụ enwere ike, eletrọd ahụ nọ n'ọnọdụ na-abaghị uru ruo mgbe uru kwụsiri ike nke ikike imebi ihe efu enwetara.A na-atụkwa akụkụ nke polarization site na -0.2 ruo 1.5 V dị ka ọrụ Eocp na ọnụ ọgụgụ nyocha nke 0.166 mV / s.E megharịrị ule ọ bụla ugboro atọ na enweghị P. aeruginosa.
A na-eji akwụkwọ mmiri 2000 grit SiC na-ehicha ihe atụ maka nyocha metallographic wee jiri nkwusioru ntụ ntụ 0.05 µm Al2O3 nwuo maka nlele anya.A na-eme nyocha ihe gbasara ihe site na iji microscope anya.Edebere ihe nlele ahụ na ngwọta 10 wt% nke potassium hydroxide 43.
Mgbe ntinyechara, a na-asacha ihe nlele ahụ ugboro 3 na saline buffered phosphate (PBS) (pH 7.4 ± 0.2) wee dozie ya na 2.5% (v / v) glutaraldehyde maka awa 10 iji dozie biofilms.Mgbe ahụ, a na-eji ethanol batched mee ka mmiri gwụ ya (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% and 100% by volume) tupu ikuku akpọnwụọ.N'ikpeazụ, a na-edobe ihe nkiri ọla edo n'elu ihe nlele ahụ iji nye conductivity maka nlele SEM.Ihe onyonyo SEM lekwasịrị anya na ntụpọ nwere mkpụrụ ndụ P. aeruginosa kacha sessile n'elu ihe nlele ọ bụla.Mee nyocha EDS ka ịchọta ihe kemịkal.Eji Zeiss confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) (LSM 710, Zeiss, Germany) tụọ omimi olulu ahụ.Iji hụ olulu corrosion n'okpuru biofilm, a na-ebu ụzọ kpochaa ihe nlele ahụ dị ka Chinese National Standard (CNS) GB/T4334.4-2000 iji wepụ ngwaahịa corrosion na biofilm n'elu ihe nlele ule.
A na-eme nyocha X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCALAB250 surface analysis system, Thermo VG, USA) site na iji isi iyi X-ray monochromatic (aluminum Kα na ike nke 1500 eV na ike nke 150 W) n'ọtụtụ dị iche iche. ejikọta ike 0 n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ ọnọdụ -1350 eV.Edere ihe ngosi dị elu site na iji ike nnyefe nke 50 eV na nzọụkwụ 0.2 eV.
E wepụrụ ihe atụ ndị a kpụkọrọ akpụkọ wee jiri PBS (pH 7.4 ± 0.2) saa ya nke ọma maka 15 s45.Iji hụ viability nje nke biofilms n'omume, biofilms nwere ntụpọ site na iji ngwa LIVE/DEAD BacLight BacLight (Invitrogen, Eugene, OR, USA).Ngwa ahụ nwere akwa fluorescent abụọ: SYTO-9 green fluorescent dye na propidium iodide (PI) na-acha uhie uhie.Na CLSM, ntụpọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na fluorescent na-anọchi anya mkpụrụ ndụ dị ndụ na ndị nwụrụ anwụ, n'otu n'otu.Maka ntụpọ, 1 ml nke ngwakọta nwere 3 µl nke SYTO-9 na 3 µl nke ngwọta PI ka etinyere maka nkeji 20 na ụlọ okpomọkụ (23ºC) n'ọchịchịrị.Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-enyocha ihe nlele ahụ nwere ntụpọ n'ogologo abụọ (488 nm maka sel dị ndụ yana 559 nm maka mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ) site na iji ngwa Nikon CLSM (C2 Plus, Nikon, Japan).A tụrụ ọkpụrụkpụ biofilm n'ụdị nyocha 3D.
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