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Ihe mmịfe na-egosi akụkọ atọ kwa slide.Jiri bọtịnụ azụ na nke na-esote ịkwaga na slides, ma ọ bụ bọtịnụ njikwa slide na njedebe ka ịgafe na slide ọ bụla.
Egosiputara ya n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na iji ultrasound nwere ike melite mkpụrụ anụ ahụ na biopsy na-eme ka ọ dị mma agịga nke ọma (USeFNAB) ma e jiri ya tụnyere biopsy nke agịga nke ọma (FNAB).Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti geometry bevel na ihe nrịbama agịga emebeghị nyocha.N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, anyị nyochara njirimara nke resonance agịga na njupụta njupụta maka agịga bevel geometries dị iche iche nwere ogologo bevel dị iche iche.N'iji lancet a na-ahụkarị nke nwere mkpụbelata 3.9 mm, ihe ngbanwe ike n'ọnụ (DPR) bụ 220 na 105 µm/W n'ikuku na mmiri, n'otu n'otu.Nke a dị elu karịa ọnụ ọnụ bevel 4mm axisymmetric, nke nwetara DPR nke 180 na 80 µm/W n'ikuku na mmiri, n'otu n'otu.Ọmụmụ ihe a na-akọwapụta mkpa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ịgbagọ isi ike nke geometry bevel n'ọnọdụ nke enyemaka ntinye dị iche iche, ma si otú a nwere ike inye nghọta n'ime usoro iji chịkwaa ime ihe mgbe emechara akara site n'ịgbanwe geometry bevel nke agịga, nke dị mkpa maka USeFNAB.Ngwa dị mkpa.
Ezi agịga aspiration biopsy (FNAB) bụ usoro a na-eji agịga nweta ihe nlele anụ ahụ mgbe a na-enyo enyo na ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma1,2,3.Egosipụta ndụmọdụ ụdị Franseen iji nye ọrụ nyocha dị elu karịa ndụmọdụ Lancet4 na Menghini5 ọdịnala.Atụpụtakwara bevels Axisymmetric (ya bụ okirikiri) iji mee ka enwere ike nweta ihe nlele zuru oke maka histopathology6.
N'oge a na-enyocha biopsy, a na-agafe agịga n'ụdị akpụkpọ anụ na anụ ahụ iji kpughee pathology na-enyo enyo.Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya egosiwo na ntinye ultrasonic nwere ike ibelata ike nkwụsị nke achọrọ iji nweta anụ ahụ dị nro7,8,9,10.Egosiri geometry nke agịga ka ọ na-emetụta ike mmekọrịta nke agịga, dịka ọmụmaatụ, egosiri ogologo bevel nwere ikike ntinye anụ ahụ dị ala 11 .A na-atụ aro na mgbe agịga batara n'elu anụ ahụ, ya bụ mgbe agbachara, ike ịkpụ nke agịga ahụ nwere ike ịbụ 75% nke ngụkọta agịga na-emekọrịta ihe12.E gosiputara Ultrasound (US) iji melite ogo nyocha ihe omimi anụ ahụ dị nro na post-puncture phase13.Ụzọ ndị ọzọ iji melite ogo biopsy ọkpụkpụ ka emepụtara maka nlele anụ ahụ siri ike14,15 mana ọ nweghị nsonaazụ a kọwapụtara na-eme ka ogo biopsy dịkwuo mma.Ọtụtụ nnyocha achọpụtala na nchụpụ n'ibu na-abawanye na-abawanye voltaji mbanye ultrasound16,17,18.Ọ bụ ezie na enwere ọtụtụ ọmụmụ banyere axial (longitudinal) static Forces na agịga-anụ ahụ interactions19,20, ọmụmụ banyere temporal dynamics na agịga bevel geometry na ultrasonic enhanced FNAB (USeFNAB) dị oke.
Ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ a bụ inyocha mmetụta nke geometries bevel dị iche iche na-eme n'ọnụ agịga na-emegharị site na ntụgharị nke agịga na ugboro ole ultrasonic.Karịsịa, anyị nyochara mmetụta nke ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ na mgbagha n'ọnụ agịga mgbe agbajisịrị maka bevels agịga a na-ahụkarị (dịka ọmụmaatụ, lancets), axisymmetric na asymmetric single bevel geometries (Fig. iji kwado mmepe nke agịga USeFNAB maka ebumnuche dị iche iche dị ka mmịpụta nhọrọ. ohere ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ dị nro.
Agụnyere ụdị bevel dị iche iche na ọmụmụ ihe a.(a) Lancets kwekọrọ na ISO 7864: 201636 ebe \ (\ alpha \) bụ isi bevel angle, \ (\theta \) bụ nke abụọ bevel rotation angle, na \ (\ phi \) bụ nke abụọ bevel rotation Angle in ogo, na ogo (\(^\circ\)).(b) linear asymmetrical one step chamfers (a na-akpọ "ọkọlọtọ" na DIN 13097:201937) na (c) linear axisymmetric (circumferential) otu nzọụkwụ chamfers.
Ụzọ anyị si abịa bụ ibu ụzọ ṅomie mgbanwe dị n'okiri ụkwụ na-ehulata n'akụkụ mkpọda maka lancet, axisymmetric, na asymmetric otu-stage slope geometries.Anyị wee gbakọọ ihe ọmụmụ parametric iji nyochaa mmetụta nke akụkụ bevel na ogologo tube na usoro njem.Emere nke a iji chọpụta ogologo kacha mma maka ịme agịga prototype.Dabere na ịme anwansị ahụ, a na-eme prototypes agịga na omume ha resonant na ikuku, mmiri, na 10% (w / v) gelatin ballistic ejiri nnwale mara site na ịlele ọnụọgụ ntụgharị voltaji na ịgbakọ arụmọrụ mbufe ike, nke sitere na ya na-arụ ọrụ ugboro ugboro. kpebisiri ike..N'ikpeazụ, a na-eji ihe onyonyo ọsọ dị elu tụọ ngbanwe nke ebili mmiri na-ehulata n'ọnụ ọnụ agịga n'ikuku na mmiri, yana tụọ ike eletrik na-ebufe site na tilt ọ bụla yana geometry deflection power factor (DPR) nke injected. ọkara.
Dị ka e gosiri na Figure 2a, jiri No. 21 ọkpọkọ (0.80 mm OD, 0.49 mm ID, 0.155 mm ọkpọkọ mgbidi ọkpụrụkpụ, ọkọlọtọ mgbidi dị ka akọwapụtara na ISO 9626: 201621) mere nke 316 igwe anaghị agba nchara (Young modulus 205).\(\ederede {GN/m}^{2}\), njupụta 8070 kg/m\(^{3}\), oke nke Poisson 0.275).
Mkpebi nke ogologo wavelength na-atụgharị na ngbanwe nke ihe ngosi mmecha (FEM) nke agịga na ọnọdụ oke.(a) Mkpebi nke ogologo bevel (BL) na ogologo ọkpọkọ (TL).(b) Akụkụ atọ (3D) ụdị mmechi mmewere (FEM) na-eji ihe nrụtụ aka ike \(\tilde{F}_y\vec{j}\) kpalie agịga ahụ na njedebe dị nso, tụgharịa isi ihe, wee tụọ ọsọ. kwa n'ọnụ (\( \tilde{u}_y\vec {j}\), \(\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}\)) iji gbakọọ ngagharị njem ụgbọ njem.A kọwapụtara \ (\lambda _y \) dị ka ogologo ebili mmiri na-ehulata na ike kwụ ọtọ \ (\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\).(c) Kpebie etiti ike ndọda, mpaghara obe-ngalaba A, na oge inertia \(I_{xx}\) na \(I_{yy}\) gburugburu x-axis na y-axis n'otu n'otu.
Dị ka e gosiri na fig.2b,c, maka oghere na-enweghị ngwụcha (na-enweghị ngwụcha) nke nwere mpaghara mpaghara A na nnukwu ebili mmiri ma e jiri ya tụnyere nha nke akụkụ obe, mgbanaka (ma ọ bụ na-ehulata) ngwa ngwa oge \ (c_{EI}\) ) akowara dika 22:
Ebe E bụ modulus nke Young (\(\text {N/m}^{2}\)), \(\omega _0 = 2\pi f_0 \) bụ ihe na-akpali akpali ugboro (rad/s), ebe \ ( f_0 ) \ ) bụ linear ugboro (1/s ma ọ bụ Hz), m bụ oge inertia nke mpaghara gburugburu axis nke mmasị \ ((\ ederede {m}^{4})\) na \(m'=\) rho _0 A \) bụ oke n'ogologo otu (kg/m), ebe \(\rho _0 \) bụ njupụta \ ((\text {kg/m}^{3})\) na A bụ obe. -akụkụ akụkụ nke oghere (xy ụgbọelu) (\ (\text {m}^{2}\)).Ebe ọ bụ na n'ọnọdụ anyị, ike etinyere ya na y-axis kwụ ọtọ, ya bụ \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\), naanị anyị nwere mmasị na oge inertia nke mpaghara gbara gburugburu x- axis, ntụgharị \(I_{xx} \), ya mere:
Maka ụdị mmebe mmewere (FEM), a na-eche nchụpụ ngbanwe (m) dị ọcha, ya mere a na-egosipụta ngwa ngwa (\(\text {m/s}^{2} \)) dị ka \ (\ partial ^2 \ vec {u}/ \ partial t^2 = -\omega ^2\vec {u}\), eg \(\vec {u}(x, y, z, t):= u_x\vec {i} + u_y \vec {j }+ u_z\vec {k}\) bụ ihe mgbapụ nwere akụkụ atọ akọwapụtara na nhazi oghere.Dochie nke ikpeazụ na ụdị Lagrangian na-enweghị ngwụcha nke iwu nguzozi ume ume23, dị ka mmejuputa ya na ngwugwu ngwanrọ COMSOL Multiphysics (ụdị 5.4-5.5, COMSOL Inc., Massachusetts, USA), na-enye:
Ebe \(\vec {\nabla}:= \frac{\partial}}{\partial x}\vec {i} + \frac{\partial}}{\partial y}\vec {j} + \frac{ \partial }{\partial z}\vec {k}\) bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ divergence tensor, na \({\underline{\sigma}}\) bụ nke abụọ Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor (usoro nke abụọ, \(\ ederede). {N /m}^{2}\)), na \(\vec {F_V}:= F_{V_x}\vec {i}+ F_{V_y}\vec {j}+ F_{V_z}\vec { k} \) bụ vector nke ike ahụ (\(\text {N/m}^{3}\)) nke olu ọ bụla nwere ike imebi, na \(e^{j\phi }\) bụ akụkụ nke ike ahụ, nwere akụkụ akụkụ \ (\ phi \) (rad).N'ọnọdụ anyị, ụda olu nke ahụ bụ efu, na ihe nlereanya anyị na-ewere geometric linearity na obere deformations nke na-agbanwe agbanwe, ya bụ \({\underline{\varepsilon}} ^ {el} = {\underline{\varepsilon}}\ ), ebe \({\underline{\varepsilon}}^{el}}) na \({\underline{\varepsilon}}\) - nrụrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na ngụkọta nrụrụ (n'enweghị akụkụ nke usoro nke abụọ), n'otu n'otu.A na-enweta Hooke's constitutive isotropic elasticity tensor \ (\underline {\ underline {C)) \) site na iji modul Young E (\(\text{N/m}^{2}\)) na Poisson's ratio v ka akọwara, nke mere na \ (\underline{\underline{C}}:=\underline{\underline{C}}(E,v)\) (usoro nke anọ).Ya mere ngụkọ mgbakasị ahụ na-aghọ \({\underline{\sigma}} := \underline{\underline{C}}:{\underline{\varepsilon}}\).
Emere mgbako a site na ihe 10-node tetrahedral nwere nha nha \(\ le \) 8 µm.A na-akpụzi agịga ahụ n'ụdị oghere, yana uru mbufe ngagharị (ms-1 H-1) kọwapụtara dị ka \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|= |\tilde{v}_y\vec {j} |/|\ tilde{F}_y\vec {j}|\)24, ebe \(\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}\) bụ mmepụta mgbagwoju anya ọsọ nke handpiece, na \( \ tilde { F} _y\vec {j }\) bụ ike ịkwọ ụgbọala dị mgbagwoju anya dị na nsọtụ tube, dịka e gosiri na Fig. 2b.A na-egosipụta mmegharị igwe na-ebugharị na decibels (dB) site na iji uru kachasị dị ka ntụaka, ntụgharị \(20\log _{10} (|\tilde{Y}|/ |\tilde{Y}_{max}| )\ , A na-eme ihe ọmụmụ FEM niile na ugboro nke 29.75 kHz.
Nhazi nke agịga (Fig 3) na-agụnye agịga hypodermic 21 na-emekarị (nọmba katalọgụ: 4665643, Sterican \ (^\circledR \), nke nwere dayameta mpụta nke 0.8 mm, ogologo nke 120 mm, nke AISI mere. chromium-nickel igwe anaghị agba nchara 304., B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany) debere plastic Luer Lock sleeve nke polypropylene proximal nwere ngbanwe dabara adaba.A na-eresị ọkpọkọ agịga n'okirikiri ebili mmiri dịka egosiri na Fig 3b.Ebipụtara waveguide na ngwa nbipute 3D igwe anaghị agba nchara (EOS igwe anaghị agba nchara 316L na ngwa EOS M 290 3D, 3D Formtech Oy, Jyväskylä, Finland) wee tinye ya na ihe mmetụta Langevin site na iji M4 bolts.Ihe ntụgharị nke Langevin nwere ihe mgbanaka piezoelectric 8 nwere ihe dị arọ abụọ na njedebe ọ bụla.
Ụdị ndụmọdụ anọ ahụ (nke e sere ese), lancet dị n'ahịa (L), na bevels axisymmetric single-stage bevels (AX1-3) emepụtara bụ ogologo bevel (BL) nke 4, 1.2, na 0.5 mm, n'otu n'otu.(a) Mechie n'ọnụ agịga emechara.(b) Nlele dị elu nke ntụtụ anọ e rere ya na ebili mmiri ebipụtara 3D wee jikọọ ya na ihe mmetụta Langevin nwere bolts M4.
A na-emepụta ndụmọdụ atọ axisymmetric bevel (Fig 3) (TAs Machine Tools Oy) na ogologo bevel (BL, kpebisiri ike na Fig. 2a) nke 4.0, 1.2 na 0.5 mm, kwekọrọ na \ (\ approx \) 2 \ (^\). circ\), 7 (^\circ\) na 18 (^\circ\).The waveguide na stylus arọ bụ 3.4 ± 0.017 g (pụtara ± SD, n = 4) maka bevel L na AX1-3, n'otu n'otu (Quintix \ (^\circledR \) 224 Design 2, Sartorius AG, Göttingen, Germany).Ngụkọta ogologo site n'ọnụ nke agịga ahụ ruo na njedebe nke aka plastik bụ 13.7, 13.3, 13.3, 13.3 cm maka bevel L na AX1-3 na Figure 3b, n'otu n'otu.
N'ihi na niile agịga nhazi, ogologo site n'ọnụ nke agịga ruo n'ọnụ nke waveguide (ie, soldering ebe) bụ 4.3 cm, na agịga tube na-gbakwasara ya mere na bevel na-eche ihu elu (ya bụ, yiri Y axis). ).), dị ka ọ dị na (Fig 2).
Edemede omenala na MATLAB (R2019a, The MathWorks Inc., Massachusetts, USA) na-agba ọsọ na kọmpụta (Latitude 7490, Dell Inc., Texas, USA) iji wepụta sweep sinusoidal linear site na 25 ruo 35 kHz na 7 sekọnd. tụgharịrị gaa na mgbama analọgụ site na ihe ntụgharị dijitalụ-na-analog (DA) (Analog Discovery 2, Digilent Inc., Washington, USA).A na-emezi akara ngosi analọg \ (V_0\) (0.5 Vp-p) site na nkwupụta ugboro redio (RF) raara onwe ya nye (Mariachi Oy, Turku, Finland).A na-emepụta voltaji na-ada ụda ({V_I} \) site na RF amplifier na mmepụta mmepụta nke 50 \ (\Omega \) gaa na transformer wuru n'ime usoro agịga nke nwere ntinye ntinye nke 50 \ (Omega) \) A na-eji transducer Langevin (n'ihu na azụ multilayer piezoelectric transducers, nke jupụtara na oke) iji mepụta ebili mmiri igwe.Igwe ọkụ RF omenala nwere igwe ihe na-eme ka ike ebili mmiri na-eguzo (SWR) nke nwere ike ịchọpụta ihe mere \ ({V_I}\) yana voltaji na-egosipụta ọkụ \ (V_R \) site na 300 kHz analog-to-dijital (AD) ) ntụgharị (Analog Discovery 2).A na-emegharị mgbaama mkpali na mbido na na njedebe iji gbochie ibufe ihe ntinye ihe n'ime oge.
Iji edemede omenala emejuputa atumatu na MATLAB, ọrụ nzaghachi ugboro ugboro (AFC), ya bụ, na-ewere sistemụ kwụ ọtọ.Ọzọkwa, tinye 20 ruo 40 kHz band pass filter iji wepu ugboro ọ bụla achọghị na mgbama.N'ịtụ aka na usoro mgbasa ozi, \(\tilde {H}(f)\) na nke a bụ ihe nhata na ọnụọgụ ntụgharị nke voltaji, ya bụ \ (\rho _{V} \ equiv {V_R}/{V_I} \)26 .Ebe ọ bụ na mmepụta impedance nke ampilifaya \ (Z_0 \) kwekọrọ na ntinye impedance nke arụnyere na-na-na-ngbanwe nke ihe ntụgharị, na eletrọnịkị na-egosipụta ọnụọgụgụ \ ({P_R} / {P_I} \) na-ebelata ka \( {V_R }^ 2/{V_I}^2\ ) ha nhata \ (|\rho _{V}|^2\).N'ọnọdụ ebe achọrọ ọkụ eletrik zuru oke, gbakọọ ihe merenụ \ (P_I \) wee gosipụta ike (P_R \) (W) site na iwere mgbọrọgwụ pụtara square (rms) uru nke voltaji kwekọrọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ihi na a nnyefe akara na sinusoidal excitation, \ (P = {V} ^ 2 / (2Z_0) \) 26, ebe \ (Z_0 \) nhata 50 \ (\Omega \).Enwere ike ịgbakọ ike eletrik na-ebufe na ibu \ (P_T) (ya bụ ihe ntinye ntinye) dị ka \ (| P_I - P_R | \) (W RMS) na ike ịnyefe ikike (PTE) nwere ike ịkọwa ma gosipụta dị ka a pasent (%) na-enye 27:
A na-eji nzaghachi ugboro ugboro iji tụọ frequencies modal \(f_{1-3}\) (kHz) nke imewe stylus na arụmọrụ mbufe ike kwekọrọ, \(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3} \ ).FWHM (\(\ederede {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\), Hz) ka a na-eme atụmatụ ozugbo site na \(\ederede {PTE}_{1{-}3}\), site na Tebụl 1 ugboro \(f_{1-3}\) kọwara na .
Usoro maka ịlele nzaghachi ugboro ugboro (AFC) nke ihe owuwu acicular.A na-eji ọwa swept-sine scale25,38 nweta ọrụ nzaghachi ugboro ugboro \(\tilde{H}(f)\) na nzaghachi mkpali ya H(t).\({\mathcal {F}}\) na \({\mathcal {F}}^{-1}\) na-egosi ọnụọgụgụ truncated Fourier transform na inverse transform operation, n'otu n'otu.\(\tilde {G}(f)\) pụtara na a na-amụba akara abụọ a na ngalaba ugboro, dịka \(\tilde{G}_{XrX}\) pụtara nyocha inverse\(\tilde{X} r( f) )\) na mgbama mgbaba voltaji \(\tilde{X}(f)\).
Dị ka e gosiri na fig.5, igwefoto dị elu (Phantom V1612, Vision Research Inc., New Jersey, USA) nwere oghere nnukwu (MP-E 65mm, \ (f) / 2.8, 1-5 \ (\ times), Canon Inc. ., Tokyo, Japan) ejiri mee ihe iji dekọọ ntụgharị nke n'ọnụ agịga nke na-eme mgbanwe mgbanwe (otu ugboro, sinusoid na-aga n'ihu) na ugboro nke 27.5-30 kHz.Iji mepụta maapụ onyinyo, etinyere ihe dị mma nke ọkụ na-acha ọcha dị elu (nọmba akụkụ: 4052899910881, White Led, 3000 K, 4150 lm, Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH, Regensburg, Germany) n'azụ bevel nke agịga.
Nlele ihu nke nhazi nnwale.A na-atụle omimi site na elu mgbasa ozi.A na-akụchi usoro agịga ahụ ma tinye ya na tebụl mbufe moto.Jiri igwefoto na-agba ọsọ dị elu nwere oghere nkwalite dị elu (5 (\ timesAkụkụ niile dị na millimeters.
Maka ụdị agịga nke ọ bụla, anyị dekọrọ 300 okpokolo agba igwefoto dị elu nke 128 \ (\ x \) pikselụ 128, nke ọ bụla nwere mkpebi oghere nke 1/180 mm (\(\ihe dịka) 5 µm), yana mkpebi nwa oge. nke okpokolo agba 310,000 kwa nkeji.Dị ka egosiri na eserese 6, a na-akụ osisi ọ bụla (1) nke ọ bụla (2) nke mere na ọnụ ya dị na ahịrị ikpeazụ (n'okpuru) nke etiti ahụ, wee gbakọọ histogram nke onyonyo (3), yabụ Canny nwere ọnụ ụzọ 1 na 2 nwere ike ikpebi.Wee tinye Canny28(4) onu nchọpụta site na iji onye ọrụ Sobel 3 \ (\times\) 3 wee gbakọọ ọnọdụ pikselụ nke hypotenuse na-abụghị cavitational (akpọrọ \ (\mathbf {\ times}\)) maka usoro 300 niile. .Iji chọpụta ogologo oge mgbagha na njedebe, a na-agbakọ ihe nrụpụta (iji etiti ọdịiche algọridim) (6) na etiti nwere njedebe mpaghara (ya bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu) nke ntụgharị (7).Mgbe enyochachara ihu na ihu ihu na-enweghị cavitating, a na-ahọrọ otu ụzọ frim (ma ọ bụ okpokolo agba abụọ kewara na ọkara oge) (7) wee tụọ ntugharị ọnụ ya (akpọrọ \(\mathbf {\ times} \ ) nke dị n'elu ka etinyere ya. na Python (v3.8, Python Software Foundation, python.org) na-eji OpenCV Canny edge detection algorithm (v4.5.1, open source computer vision Library, opencv.org ike eletriki \ (P_T \) (W, rms) .
A tụlere ntugharị aka site na iji usoro okpokolo agba ewepụtara na igwefoto dị elu na 310 kHz site na iji usoro algọridim nke 7-nzọụkwụ (1-7) gụnyere framing (1-2), nchọpụta ihu Canny (3-4), nsọtụ ọnọdụ pixel. ngụkọ (5) na usoro oge ha (6), na n'ikpeazụ ntugharị ntugharị ọnụ-na-elu ka atụnyere n'ụdị okpokolo agba elele anya anya (7).
A na-eme ihe n'ikuku (22.4-22.9 Celsius C), mmiri deionized (20.8-21.5 ° C) na gelatin ballistic 10% (w/v) (19.7-23.0°C, \(ederede {Honeywell}^{ \ ederede). {TM}}\) \(\ederede {Fluka}^{\text {TM}}) Gelatin anụ na anụ ezi maka Ụdị I Ballistic Analysis, Honeywell International, North Carolina, USA).A na-atụle okpomọkụ na K-ụdị thermocouple amplifier (AD595, Analog Devices Inc., MA, USA) na K-ụdị thermocouple (Fluke 80PK-1 Bead Probe No. 3648 type-K, Fluke Corporation, Washington, USA).Site na ọkara Omimi ka a tụrụ site na elu (dị ka mmalite nke z-axis) site na iji usoro z-axis kwụ ọtọ (8MT50-100BS1-XYZ, Standa Ltd., Vilnius, Lithuania) nwere mkpebi nke 5 µm.kwa nzọụkwụ.
Ebe ọ bụ na ihe nlele ahụ dị ntakịrị (n = 5) na enweghị ike iche na ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ekwesị, a na-eji ihe nlele Wilcoxon nwere ogologo abụọ (R, v4.0.3, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, r-project .org) mee ihe. iji tụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke variance n'ọnụ agịga maka dị iche iche bevels.Enwere ntụnyere 3 n'otu mkpọda, ya mere a na-etinye mgbazi Bonferroni na ọkwa dị mkpa nke 0.017 gbanwere yana ọnụego njehie nke 5%.
Ka anyị tụgharịa ugbu a na Fig.7.Na ugboro nke 29.75 kHz, na-ehulata ọkara ebili mmiri (\ (\lambda_y/2 \)) nke agịga nlele 21 bụ \ (\ihe dị ka) 8 mm.Ka mmadụ na-abịaru nso n'ọnụ ọnụ, ogologo ikuku na-ehulata na-ebelata n'akụkụ akụkụ oblique.N'ọnụ ọnụ \ (\lambda _y/2 \) \ (\ihe dị ka \) e nwere nzọụkwụ nke 3, 1 na 7 mm maka lanceolate na-emekarị (a), asymmetric (b) na axisymmetric (c) ọchịchọ nke otu agịga. , n'otu n'otu.Ya mere, nke a pụtara na nso nke lancet bụ \ (\ ihe dị ka) 5 mm (n'ihi na ụgbọ elu abụọ nke lancet na-etolite otu point29,30), asymmetric bevel bụ 7 mm, asymmetric bevel bụ 1. mm.Axisymmetric slopes (etiti nke ike ndọda na-anọgide na-adịgide adịgide, ya mere, nanị ọkpọkọ mgbidi ọkpụrụkpụ n'ezie na-agbanwe n'akụkụ mkpọda).
Ọmụmụ FEM na ntinye nke nha anya n'ogo nke 29.75 kHz.(1) Mgbe ị na-agbakọ mgbanwe nke na-ehulata ọkara ebili mmiri (\ (\lambda_y/2 \)) maka lancet (a), asymmetric (b) na axisymmetric (c) bevel geometries (dị ka Fig. 1a,b,c). ) .Nkezi uru \(\lambda_y/2 \) nke lancet, asymmetric, na axisymmetric bevels bụ 5.65, 5.17, na 7.52 mm, n'otu n'otu.Rịba ama na ọkpụrụkpụ n'ọnụ maka asymmetric na axisymmetric bevels bụ naanị \(\ihe dị ka) 50 µm.
Nchikota ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|\) bụ ngwakọta kacha mma nke ogologo tube (TL) na ogologo bevel (BL) (Fig. 8, 9).Maka lancet a na-emekarị, ebe ọ bụ na a na-edozi nha ya, TL kacha mma bụ \ (\ihe dị ka) 29.1 mm (Fig 8).Maka bevels asymmetric na axisymmetric (Fig. 9a, b, n'otu n'otu), ọmụmụ FEM gụnyere BL site na 1 ruo 7 mm, ya mere TL kacha mma sitere na 26.9 ruo 28.7 mm (nke dị na 1.8 mm) na site na 27.9 ruo 29 .2 mm (nke dị iche iche). 1.3 mm), n'otu n'otu.Maka mkpọda asymmetric (Fig 9a), TL kacha mma mụbara n'ahịrị, rute n'ala dị larịị na BL 4 mm, wee belata nke ọma site na BL 5 ruo 7 mm.Maka bevel axisymmetric (Fig. 9b), TL kacha mma mụbara linearly na-abawanye BL ma mesịa kwụsie ike na BL site na 6 ruo 7 mm.Nnyocha e mere ogologo oge nke axisymmetric tilt (Fig 9c) kpughere ụdị dị iche iche nke TL kacha mma na \ (\ approx) 35.1-37.1 mm.Maka BL niile, ebe dị anya n'etiti TL abụọ kacha mma bụ \ (\ihe dị ka\) 8mm (dakọtara na \ (\lambda_y/2 \)).
Mbugharị mbufe Lancet na 29.75 kHz.Agịga ahụ nwere obi ụtọ n'ụzọ dị nro na ugboro nke 29.75 kHz na ịma jijiji na-atụ n'ọnụ ọnụ agịga ahụ wee gosipụta dị ka ọnụọgụ igwe na-ebugharị (dB n'ihe gbasara uru kachasị) maka TL 26.5-29.5 mm (na 0.1 mm increments) .
Parametric ọmụmụ nke FEM na ugboro nke 29.75 kHz na-egosi na mbufe ngagharị nke axisymmetric n'ọnụ na-adịchaghị emetụta mgbanwe nke ogologo tube karịa ya asymmetric ibe ya.Ogologo Bevel (BL) na ogologo ọkpọkọ (TL) ọmụmụ nke asymmetric (a) na axisymmetric (b, c) bevel geometries na ugboro ugboro ọmụmụ ngalaba na-eji FEM (a na-egosi ọnọdụ oke na Fig. 2).(a, b) TL sitere na 26.5 ruo 29.5 mm (nzọụkwụ 0.1 mm) na BL 1-7 mm (nzọụkwụ 0.5 mm).(c) Ihe ọmụmụ tilt axisymmetric agbatị gụnyere TL 25-40 mm (na 0.05 mm increments) na BL 0.1-7 mm (na 0.1 mm increments) na-egosi na \ (\ lambda_y / 2 \ ) ga-emezurịrị ihe achọrọ n'ọnụ.na-akpụ akpụ ọnọdụ.
Nhazi nke agịga nwere eigenfrequencies atọ \(f_{1-3}\) kewara n'ime mpaghara ọnọdụ dị ala, ọkara na elu dị ka egosiri na Tebụl 1. Edekọbara nha PTE dịka egosiri na fig.10 wee nyochaa ya na Fig. 11. N'okpuru ebe a bụ nchoputa maka mpaghara modal ọ bụla:
Ngosipụta ike mbufe ngwa ngwa edekọbara (PTE) enwetara site na mkpali sinusoidal na-ekpochapụ-ugboro maka lancet (L) na axisymmetric bevel AX1-3 n'ikuku, mmiri na gelatin na omimi nke 20 mm.A na-egosi ụdịdị dị otu akụkụ.Nzaghachi a tụrụ atụ (nke a tụrụ na 300 kHz) bụ nke enyochara obere ngafe wee gbadaa ya site na nkeji 200 maka nyocha modal.Oke mgbama na mkpọtụ bụ \(\le \) 45 dB.A na-egosi usoro PTE (ahịrị ntụpọ odo odo) na ogo (\(^{\circ}\)).
Nyocha nzaghachi modal (pụtara ± ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ, n = 5) gosiri na Fig. 10, maka mkpọda L na AX1-3, na ikuku, mmiri na 10% gelatin (omimi 20 mm), na (n'elu) atọ modal mpaghara (n'elu). obere, etiti na elu) na usoro ha dabara adabara frequencies \(f_{1-3}\) (kHz), (nkezi) ike arụmọrụ \(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3}\) A gbakọrọ site na iji ihe nhata. .(4) na (n'ala) obosara zuru oke na ọkara kacha nha \(\ederede {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\) (Hz), otu ọ bụla.Rụba ama na nlegharị anya bandwidth ka amafere mgbe edebanyere PTE dị ala, ya bụ (\text {FWHM}_{1}\) ma ọ bụrụ na AX2 mkpọda.Achọpụtara na ọnọdụ \(f_2\) kacha dabara adaba maka atụnyere mgbada mkpọda, ebe ọ na-egosi ọkwa kachasị elu nke nrụpụta ike mbufe (\(\text {PTE}_{2}\))), ruo 99%.
Mpaghara modal nke mbụ: \(f_1 \) anaghị adabere na ụdị nke etinyere, mana dabere na geometry nke mkpọda.\(f_1 \) na-ebelata site n'ịdị ogologo bevel na-ebelata (27.1, 26.2 na 25.9 kHz na ikuku maka AX1-3, n'otu n'otu).Nkezi mpaghara \(\ederede {PTE}_{1}\) na \(\ederede {FWHM}_{1}\) bụ \(\ihe dị ka\) 81% na 230 Hz n'otu n'otu.\(ederede {FWHM}_{1}\) nwere ọdịnaya gelatin kachasị na Lancet (L, 473 Hz).Rịba ama na enweghị ike ịlele \(\ederede {FWHM}_{1}\) AX2 dị na gelatin n'ihi njupụta FRF edekọghị ala.
Mpaghara modal nke abụọ: \(f_2 \) dabere n'ụdị mgbasa ozi etinyere na bevel.Nkezi ụkpụrụ (f_2 \) bụ 29.1, 27.9 na 28.5 kHz n'ikuku, mmiri na gelatin, n'otu n'otu.Mpaghara modal a gosikwara PTE dị elu nke 99%, nke kachasị elu nke otu ọ bụla tụrụ, yana mpaghara mpaghara nke 84%.\(\ederede {FWHM}_{2}\) nwere nkezi mpaghara nke \(\ihe dị ka\) 910 Hz.
Mpaghara ụdị nke atọ: ugboro \(f_3\) dabere na ụdị mgbasa ozi na bevel.Nkezi \(f_3 \) ụkpụrụ bụ 32.0, 31.0 na 31.3 kHz na ikuku, mmiri na gelatin, n'otu n'otu.Nkezi mpaghara \(\ederede {PTE}_{3}\) bụ \(\ihe dị ka\) 74%, nke kacha ala na mpaghara ọ bụla.Nkezi mpaghara \(\ederede {FWHM}_{3}\) bụ \(\ihe dị ka\) 1085 Hz, nke dị elu karịa mpaghara nke mbụ na nke abụọ.
       Ndị na-esonụ na-ezo aka fig.12 na Tebụl 2. The lancet (L) tụgharịrị nke kachasị (nke dị elu maka ndụmọdụ niile, \ (p <\) 0.017) na ikuku na mmiri (Fig 12a), na-enweta DPR kachasị elu (ruo 220 µm /). W na ikuku). 12 na Tebụl 2. The lancet (L) tụgharịrị nke kachasị (nke dị elu maka ndụmọdụ niile, \ (p <\) 0.017) na ikuku na mmiri (Fig 12a), na-enweta DPR kachasị elu (ruo 220 µm /). W na ikuku). Следующее относится к рисунку 12 и таблице 2. Ланцет (L) откльше всего ов. . Ihe na-esonụ na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ 12 na tebụl 2. Lancet (L) na-atụgharị nke kachasị (nke dị elu maka ndụmọdụ niile, \ (p <\) 0.017) na ikuku na mmiri (Fig 12a), na-enweta DPR kachasị elu.(mee 220 μm / W na ikuku).Smt.Ọgụgụ 12 na Tebụl 2 n'okpuru.柳叶刀(L) 在空气和水中偏转最多（对所有尖端具有高显着有高显着性，\(p<\) 0.017）实瘎有尖端具有高显着性。 (在空气中高达220 µm/W).柳叶刀(L) nwere mgbagha kachasị elu na ikuku na mmiri (对所记尖端可以高电影性, (p <\) 0.017) (图12a), wee nweta DPR kachasị elu (ruo 220 na µm/W). ikuku). Ланцет (L) отклонялся больше всего (высокая значимость для всех наконечников, \ (p <\) 0,017) в визивохе . наибольшего DPR (220 мкм/Вт в воздухе). Lancet (L) tụgharịrị nke kachasị (ihe dị elu maka ndụmọdụ niile, \ (p <\) 0.017) na ikuku na mmiri (Fig 12a), na-eru DPR kachasị elu (ruo 220 µm / W na ikuku). N'ikuku, AX1 nke nwere BL dị elu, tụpụrụ elu karịa AX2-3 (nke pụtara, \ (p <\) 0.017), ebe AX3 (nke nwere BL kacha nta) tụgharịrị karịa AX2 na DPR nke 190 µm/W. N'ikuku, AX1 nke nwere BL dị elu, tụpụrụ elu karịa AX2-3 (nke pụtara, \ (p <\) 0.017), ebe AX3 (nke nwere BL kacha nta) tụgharịrị karịa AX2 na DPR nke 190 µm/W. В в воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL отклонялся выше, чем AX2–3 (со значимостью \ (p <\) 0,017), тогда как 3 лся больше, чем AX2 с DPR 190 мкм/Вт. N'ikuku, AX1 nwere BL dị elu tụpụrụ elu karịa AX2–3 (nke pụtara \ (p <\) 0.017), ebe AX3 (ya na BL kacha nta) tụgharịrị karịa AX2 na DPR 190 μm/W.在空气中，具有更高BL 的AX1 比AX2-3 偏转更高（具有显着性，\(p<\) 2,DPR 为190 µm/W . N'ikuku, ntụgharị nke AX1 nwere BL dị elu dị elu karịa nke AX2-3 (n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, \ (p <\) 0.017), na ntụgharị nke AX3 (ya na BL kacha nta) dị ukwuu karịa nke AX2, DPR bụ 190. µm/W . В в воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL отклоняется больше, чем AX2-3 (значимо, \(p<\) 0,017), тогда как амымы я больше, чем AX2 с DPR 190 мкм/Вт. N'ikuku, AX1 nwere BL dị elu na-atụgharị karịa AX2-3 (dị mkpa, \ (p <\) 0.017), ebe AX3 (ya na BL kacha nta) na-atụgharị karịa AX2 na DPR 190 µm/W.Na mmiri 20 mm, ntụgharị na PTE AX1-3 adịghị iche (\(p>\) 0.017).Ọkwa PTE dị na mmiri (90.2-98.4%) na-adịkarị elu karịa ikuku (56-77.5%) (Fig 12c), na ihe ngosi nke cavitation ka ekwuru n'oge nnwale na mmiri (Fig 13, leekwa ihe ọzọ. ozi).
Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ngbanwe n'ọnụ (pụtara ± SD, n = 5) tụrụ maka bevel L na AX1-3 na ikuku na mmiri (omimi 20 mm) na-egosi mmetụta nke ịgbanwe geometry bevel.E nwetara nha ndị ahụ site na iji mkpali sinusoidal otu ugboro na-aga n'ihu.(a) Nke kacha ruo n'iche (\(u_y\vec {j}\)) n'ọnụ ọnụ, tụrụ na (b) frequencies modal ha nke dị iche iche \(f_2\).(c) Ịrụ ọrụ nnyefe ike (PTE, RMS, %) nke nhata.(4) na (d) ihe ngbanwe ike (DPR, µm/W) gbakọrọ dị ka ike ọkụ na-ebufe (P_T\) (Wrms).
Ụdị ndò igwefoto na-agba ọsọ dị elu na-egosi nhụsianya kachasị elu na elu (akara akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ahịrị ntụpọ uhie) nke lancet (L) na ọnụ axisymmetric (AX1-3) n'ime mmiri ( omimi 20 mm) ihe karịrị ọkara okirikiri.okirikiri, na excitation ugboro \(f_2\) (nlele ugboro 310 kHz).Onyonyo isi awọ ewepụtara nwere nha pikselụ 128×128 yana nha pikselụ nke \(\ihe dịka\) 5µm.Enwere ike ịhụ vidiyo na ozi ndị ọzọ.
N'ihi ya, anyị modeled mgbanwe na-ehulata wavelength (Fig. 7) na gbakọọ transferable n'ibu ije maka nchikota nke ọkpọkọ ogologo na chamfer (Fig. 8, 9) maka ot lancet, asymmetric na axisymmetric chamfers nke geometric shapes.Dabere na nke ikpeazụ, anyị mere atụmatụ na ezigbo anya nke 43 mm (ma ọ bụ \ (\ dị ka) 2.75 \ (\ lambda _y \) na 29,75 kHz) site n'ọnụ ruo weld, dị ka e gosiri na Fig. 5, ma mee atọ axisymmetric. bevels nwere ogologo bevel dị iche iche.Anyị wee mara omume ha ugboro ugboro na ikuku, mmiri, na 10% (w/v) ballistic gelatin ma e jiri ya tụnyere lancets nke a na-ahụkarị (Njirimara 10, 11) wee kpebie ụdị kachasị dabara adaba maka ntụnyere bevel.N'ikpeazụ, anyị tụlere ntugharị ọnụ site na ịgbado ebili mmiri n'ikuku na mmiri na omimi nke 20 mm wee tụọ arụmọrụ mbufe ike (PTE,%) na ihe ngbanwe ike (DPR, µm/W) nke ntinye ntinye maka bevel ọ bụla.ụdị angular (Fig 12).
E gosiputara geometry bevel agịga ka ọ na-emetụta ọnụọgụ ntupu agịga.Lancet nwetara ngbanwe kachasị elu na DPR kachasị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere bevel axisymmetric na nkwụsịtụ dị ala (Fig 12).4 mm axisymmetric bevel (AX1) nke nwere bevel kachasị ogologo nwetara ngbanwe dị ukwuu na ikuku ma e jiri ya tụnyere agịga axisymmetric ndị ọzọ (AX2-3) (\ (p <0.017 \), Tebụl 2), mana enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche. .hụrụ mgbe a na-etinye agịga n'ime mmiri.N'ihi ya, ọ dịghị uru doro anya na inwe ogologo bevel dị ogologo n'ihe gbasara mgbapụ elu n'ọnụ ọnụ.N'iburu nke a n'uche, ọ na-apụta na geometry nke bevel a na-amụ n'ọmụmụ ihe a nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọnụọgụ ntụgharị karịa ogologo bevel ahụ.Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi nkwụsi ike na-ehulata, dịka ọmụmaatụ na-adabere n'ozuzu oke nke ihe a na-ehulata na nhazi nke agịga.
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe nyocha, ịdị ukwuu nke ebili mmiri na-egosipụta na-emetụta ọnọdụ oke nke ọnụ.Mgbe etinyere ọnụ agịga n'ime mmiri na gelatin, \ (\text {PTE}_{2} \) bụ \ (\ihe dị ka\) 95%, na \ (\ederede {PTE}_{ 2} \) bụ \ (\text {PTE}_{2}\) ụkpụrụ ndị a bụ 73% na 77% maka (\text {PTE}_{1}\) na \(\ederede {PTE}_{3}\), n'otu n'otu (Fig 11).Nke a na-egosi na oke nfefe ike ụda na ihe nkedo, ya bụ mmiri ma ọ bụ gelatin, na-apụta na \(f_2\).A hụrụ omume yiri nke a na ọmụmụ ihe gara aga31 site na iji nhazi ngwaọrụ dị mfe na 41-43 kHz ugboro ugboro, nke ndị edemede gosipụtara ndabere nke ọnụọgụ ntụgharị nke voltaji na modul igwe nke ihe ntinye.Ihe omimi ntinye 32 na ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke anụ ahụ na-enye ibu ọrụ na agịga ma na-atụ anya na ọ ga-emetụta omume resonant nke UZEFNAB.N'ihi ya, resonance nsuso algọridim (dịka 17, 18, 33) enwere ike iji kwalite ike ụda a napụtara site na agịga.
Ịme anwansị na-ehulata wavelengths (Fig 7) na-egosi na n'ọnụ axisymmetric siri ike n'ụdị ya (ya bụ, siri ike na-ehulata) karịa lancet na asymmetric bevel.Dabere na (1) na iji njikọ ọsọ-ugboro a ma ama, anyị na-atụle isi ike na-ehulata n'ọnụ ọnụ nke agịga ahụ dị ka \ (\ about\) 200, 20 na 1500 MPa maka ụgbọ elu lancet, asymmetric na axial, n'otu n'otu.Nke a dabara na \ (\lambda_y \) nke \ (\ihe dị ka\) 5.3, 1.7, na 14.2 mm, n'otu n'otu, na 29.75 kHz (Fig. 7a-c).N'ịtụle nchekwa ụlọ ọgwụ n'oge USeFNAB, ekwesịrị ịtụle mmetụta nke geometry na isi ike nke ụgbọ elu chọrọ34.
Nnyocha nke akụkụ bevel na-adabere na ogologo tube (Fig 9) gosiri na oke nnyefe kacha mma dị elu maka bevel asymmetric (1.8 mm) karịa maka axisymmetric bevel (1.3 mm).Na mgbakwunye, mmegharị ahụ kwụsiri ike na \ (\ dịka) site na 4 ruo 4.5 mm na site na 6 ruo 7 mm maka tilts asymmetric na axisymmetric, n'otu n'otu (Fig 9a, b).A na-akọwapụta uru nchọta a dị na nnabata n'ichepụta, dịka ọmụmaatụ, obere TL kacha mma nwere ike ịpụta na achọrọ ogologo ogologo.N'otu oge ahụ, ala dị larịị na-agagharị agagharị na-enye ohere dị ukwuu maka ịhọrọ ogologo nke dip na oge a na-enye na-enweghị mmetụta dị ukwuu na njem.
Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ gụnyere njedebe ndị a.Ntụgharị nke agịga ozugbo site na iji nchọpụta ihu na onyonyo ọsịsọ dị elu (Njirimara 12) pụtara na anyị nwere oke na mgbasa ozi anya anya dị ka ikuku na mmiri.Ọ ga-amasịkwa anyị ịkọwapụta na anyị ejighị nnwale iji nwalee mmegharị mbufe simulated na nke ọzọ, mana ejiri ọmụmụ FEM chọpụta ogologo kacha mma maka imepụta agịga.N'ihe gbasara njedebe bara uru, ogologo lancet site n'ọnụ ruo na aka uwe bụ \ (\ihe dị ka) 0.4 cm ogologo karịa agịga ndị ọzọ (AX1-3), lee fig.3b.Nke a nwere ike imetụta nzaghachi modal nke nhazi agịga.Ke adianade do, udi na olu nke solder na njedebe nke a waveguide pin (lee Figure 3) nwere ike imetụta n'ibu impedance nke pin imewe, ewebata njehie na n'ibu impedance na ekwe omume.
N'ikpeazụ, anyị egosila na geometry bevel nnwale na-emetụta ọnụọgụ ngbanwe na USeFNAB.Ọ bụrụ na ngbanwe ka ukwuu ga-enwe mmetụta dị mma na mmetụta nke agịga na anụ ahụ, dị ka ịbelata arụmọrụ mgbe a kpọpuchara ya, mgbe ahụ, a pụrụ ịkwado lancet omenala na USeFNAB ka ọ na-enye nkwụsịtụ kachasị mgbe ọ na-ejigide isi ike nke n'ọnụ nhazi..Ọzọkwa, nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya35 egosila na nkwụsịtụ dị ukwuu nwere ike ịkwalite mmetụta ndị dị ndụ dị ka cavitation, nke nwere ike ịkwado mmepe nke ngwa ịwa ahụ dị ntakịrị.Nyere na egosipụtara na-abawanye ike ụda olu na-abawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ biopsies na USeFNAB13, a ga-achọkwu ọmụmụ ọnụọgụ nke ọnụọgụ na ịdịmma iji chọpụta uru ụlọ ọgwụ zuru ezu nke geometry agịga a mụrụ.