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N'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga, enweela ọganihu ngwa ngwa nke ọla kọpa mmiri mmiri maka imepụta nano-/meso-sized porous na ihe mejupụtara ya na oghere dị ukwuu maka ihe dị iche iche.Agbanyeghị, usoro a nwere oke abụọ dị mkpa ugbu a.Nke mbụ, ọ na-ewepụta ihe owuwu bicontinuous nwere oke topology maka oke ihe mejupụtara alloy.Nke abuo, ihe owuwu ahụ nwere nnukwu ihe nkedo n'ihi mmụba dị ịrịba ama n'oge oke okpomọkụ dị elu.N'ebe a, anyị na-egosipụta na mgbakọ na mwepụ na nnwale na enwere ike imeri njedebe ndị a site n'ịgbakwunye ihe na-agbaze na metal nke na-akwalite topology dị elu site n'ibelata nkwụsị nke ihe ndị a na-apụghị ime eme n'oge nhazi.Ọzọ, anyị na-akọwa nke a nchoputa site n'igosi na nnukwu mgbasa nyefe immiscible ọcha na mmiri mmiri gbazee ike na-emetụta evolushọn nke siri ike ntakiri na topology nke owuwu n'oge flaking.Nsonaazụ na-ekpughe ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọla mmiri mmiri na mkpochapụ adịghị ọcha nke electrochemical, wee guzobe usoro ọhụrụ maka inweta ihe owuwu sitere na ọla mmiri nwere oke na topology.
Ndị nnọchiteanya abanyela n'ime nkà na ụzụ dị ike na nke dịgasị iche iche maka ịmepụta nano-/meso-sized oghere oghere na ihe mejupụtara ya na elu interfacial ultra-high maka ihe dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ na nhazi dị ka catalysts1,2, mmanụ ọkụ 3,4, electrolytic capacitors5. 6, ihe na-eguzogide ọgwụ radiation mebiri 7, elu-ike batrị ihe na ụba n'ibu nkwụsi ike 8, 9 ma ọ bụ mejupụtara ihe na magburu onwe n'ibu Njirimara 10, 11. N'ụdị dị iche iche, ndị nnọchiteanya na-agụnye nhọrọ mgbasa nke otu mmewere nke mbụ unstructured "precursor". alloy" na gburugburu ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ, nke na-eduga n'ịhazigharị ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-adịghị edozi ya na topology na-abụghị ihe na-adịghị mkpa, dị iche na topology nke mbụ alloy., Ihe mejupụtara ihe mejupụtara.Ọ bụ ezie na ndị nnọchiteanya electrochemical (ECD) na-eji electrolytes dị ka gburugburu ebe obibi bụ nke a na-amụkarị ruo taa, usoro a na-amachibido usoro inyefe (dị ka Ag-Au ma ọ bụ Ni-Pt) na ndị nwere ihe ndị dị mma (Au, Pt) ma nwee a. nnukwu ọdịiche dị ukwuu na mbelata ikike inye porosity.Otu ihe dị mkpa iji merie mmachi a bụ nchọpụta ọhụrụ nke usoro mmiri metal alloying13,14 (LMD), nke na-eji alloys nke ọla mmiri (dịka, Cu, Ni, Bi, mg, wdg) na ihe ndị ọzọ dị na gburugburu ebe obibi. .(dịka TaTi, NbTi, FeCrNi, SiMg, wdg)6,8,10,11,14,15,16,17,18,19.LMD na mwepu alloy siri ike ya (SMD) dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ na obere okpomọkụ mgbe metal ntọala siri ike20,21 na-ebute usoro nke abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa na-emekọrịta ihe mgbe etching kemịkalụ nke otu akụkụ.Usoro ndị a nwere ike gbanwee ka ọ bụrụ oghere oghere.ihe owuwu.Ụzọ ndị nnochite anya ka emelitere site n'iwebata ndị nnọchi anya vapor phase (VPD) na nso nso a, nke na-erigbu ndịiche dị na nrụgide ikuku nke ihe siri ike na-emepụta ihe owuwu nanoporous mepere emepe site na ikpochapụ nke otu element22,23.
N'ogo ogo, ụzọ iwepụ adịghị ọcha ndị a niile na-ekekọrịta njiri mara abụọ dị mkpa nke usoro iwepụ adịghị ọcha nke ahaziri onwe ya.Mbụ, nke a bụ nhọpụta nhọrọ nke ihe alloying ahụ a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu (dịka B na alloy AXB1-X kachasị mfe) na gburugburu mpụga.Nke abụọ, nke mbụ ekwuru na nyocha nyocha na usoro ọmụmụ nke ọsụ ụzọ na ECD24, bụ mgbasa nke ihe anaghị agbaze A n'akụkụ njikọ dị n'etiti alloy na gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge mwepụ nke adịghị ọcha.Mgbasa na-enwe ike ịmepụta mpaghara atọ nwere ọgaranya site na usoro yiri ire ere spinodal na nnukwu alloys, n'agbanyeghị na interface ahụ nwere oke.N'agbanyeghị myirịta a, ụzọ dị iche iche na-ewepụ alloy nwere ike imepụta ụdị ọdịdị dị iche iche maka ihe edoghị anya18.Ọ bụ ezie na ECD nwere ike iwepụta ihe owuwu dị elu metụtara topological maka akụkụ atomic (X) nke ihe anaghị agbaze (dị ka Au na AgAu) dị ka 5% 25, ​​nyocha mgbakọ na mwepụ na nnwale nke LMD na-egosi na usoro a yiri nke yiri ya na-ewepụta naanị ihe ndị metụtara topologically. .Dịka ọmụmaatụ, maka nnukwu X, ihe nhazi bicontinuous jikọtara ya bụ ihe dịka 20% n'ihe gbasara TaTi alloys decoupled by Cu melts (lee Fig. 2 na ref. 18 maka ntụnyere n'akụkụ n'akụkụ ya na ụdị ECD dị iche iche na LMD X. ).A na-akọwa ọdịiche a n'ụzọ doro anya site na usoro uto jikọtara ọnụ na mgbasa ozi dị iche na mwepu spinodal interfacial na nke yiri nke eutectic-coupled growth26.N'ebe a na-ewepụ adịghị ọcha, mmụba na-ejikọta na mgbasa na-enye ohere A-ọgaranya filaments (ma ọ bụ flakes na 2D) na ọwa mmiri mmiri B-ọgaranya na-eto site na mgbasa n'oge mwepụ adịghị ọcha15.Mmụba ụzọ abụọ na-eduga n'usoro n'usoro n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ n'akụkụ etiti X ma na-egbochi ya na mpaghara ala X, ebe ọ bụ naanị agwaetiti ndị nwere oke A nwere ike ịmalite.Na nnukwu X, uto jikọtara ọnụ na-aghọ nke na-adịghị akwụsi ike, na-akwado ka e guzobe ihe owuwu 3D nwere njikọ zuru oke nke na-ejigide iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe n'ụdị ọbụlagodi mgbe etching otu nkeji gasịrị.N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, a na-ahụta usoro nhazi nke LMD17 ma ọ bụ SMD20 (Fe80Cr20) XNi1-X alloys mere ka ọ bụrụ nnwale maka X ruo 0.5, na-atụ aro na mmụba-ejikọta ọnụ bụ usoro zuru oke maka LMD na SMD kama ECD na-akpatakarị adịghị. nwee nhazi nhazi nke masịrị.
Iji kọwapụta ihe kpatara ọdịiche a dị n'etiti ECD na NMD morphology, anyị mere simulations ubi na nyocha nyocha nke NMD nke TaXTi1-X alloys, bụ nke a na-emezigharị kinetics mgbasa site na ịgbakwunye ihe gbazere na ọla kọpa mmiri.Anyị kwubiri na ọ bụ ezie na a na-achịkwa ma ECD na LMD site na nchịkọta nhọrọ na mgbasa ozi ihu, usoro abụọ a nwekwara ọdịiche dị mkpa nke nwere ike iduga n'ichepụta morphological18.Nke mbụ, peel kinetics na ECD na-achịkwa site na interface nwere ike ịgba ọsọ n'ihu V12 mgbe niile dị ka ọrụ nke voltaji etinyere.Nke a bụ eziokwu ọbụlagodi mgbe a na-agbakwunye obere akụkụ nke ihe ndị na-emegharị emegharị (dịka ọmụmaatụ Pt na Ag-Au) na alloy nne na nna, nke na-eme ka mmiri dị n'etiti interfacial, na-ehicha ma na-eme ka ihe ahụ na-adịghị ahụkebe guzosie ike, ma ma ọ bụghị ya na-ejigide otu morphology 27.A na-enweta ihe ndị jikọtara ọnụ na topologically naanị na X dị ala na V dị ala, na njigide ihe ndị na-adịghị mma 25 buru ibu iji nọgide na-enwe obere akụkụ olu siri ike nke ukwuu iji gbochie nkewa nke ihe owuwu ahụ.Nke a na-egosi na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mgbasa n'ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi ihu nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nhọrọ morphological.N'ụzọ dị iche, Alloy mwepụ kinetics na LMD bụ mgbasa ozi na-achịkwa15,16 na ọnụego na-ebelata ngwa ngwa na oge \(V \ sim \sqrt{{D}_{l}/t}\), ebe Dl bụ miscibility element. maka ọnụọgụ mgbasa mgbasa mmiri..
Nke abuo, n'oge ECD, solubility nke immiscible ọcha na electrolyte dị oke ala, n'ihi ya, ha nwere ike na-agbasa na naanị alloy-electrolyte interface.N'ụzọ dị iche, na LMD, ihe "immiscible" (A) nke AXB1-X precursor alloys na-enwekarị obere, ọ bụ ezie na ọ kpaara ókè, gbazee solubility.Enwere ike ịpụta ntakịrị ihe solubility a site na nyocha nke eserese ternary nke usoro ternary CuTaTi nke egosiri na foto mgbakwunye 1. Enwere ike ịkọwapụta ihe nhụsianya site n'ichepụta ahịrị liquidus na nha nhata nke Ta na Ti n'akụkụ mmiri mmiri nke interface (\((\) {c}_{ {{{{{\rm{Ta))))))}}} ^{l}\ ) na \({c}_{{{({\rm{Ti}}) }}}} }^ {l}\), n'otu n'otu, na okpomọkụ ndị nnọchiteanya (Mgbakwunye Fig. 1b) siri ike-mmiri interface Mpaghara thermodynamic equilibrium na-edobe n'oge alloying, }}}}}} ^ {l} \) bụ mkpokọta. na-adịgide adịgide na uru ya metụtara X. Ihe mgbakwunye 1b na-egosi na \({c}_{{{{{{{\rm{Ta}}}}})))}^{l}\) dara na oke 10 -3 - 10 ^ {l} \) hà nhata 15.16.Nke a "nhọrọ" nke immiscible ihe na alloy nwere ike imetụta ma guzobe ihe interfacial Ọdịdị na delamination n'ihu, n'aka ya, nke nwere ike inye aka na mgbasa na coarsening nke Ọdịdị n'ihi na olu mgbasa.
Iji nyochaa iche iche onyinye nke (i) mbelata nke mwepụ nke alloy V na (ii) mbelata nke ntinye nke ihe ndị na-enweghị ike ịbanye n'ime agbaze, anyị gara n'ihu na nzọụkwụ abụọ.Nke mbụ, ekele maka \(V \ sim \sqrt{{D}_{l}/t}\)\), site n'ịmụ morphological evolushọn nke Ọdịdị nke ukwuu n'ihu, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịmụ mmetụta nke ibelata V nke ọma.nnukwu oge.Ya mere, anyị nyochara mmetụta a site n'ịgba simulations ngalaba oge ogologo oge karịa ọmụmụ ndị gara aga, bụ nke gosipụtara ọnụnọ nke nhazi nhazi nke topologically na-ejikọtaghị site na mmụba-ejikọta ọnụ nke X15 etiti.Nke abụọ, iji nyochaa mmetụta nke ihe ndị a na-apụghị ime eme na ibelata ọnụego ntanye, anyị gbakwunyere Ti na Ag na ọla kọpa na-agbaze na-abawanye ma na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ntanye, n'otu n'otu, ma mụọ ihe na-akpata morphology, segregation kinetics, na ntinye uche na nkesa. gbazee.Enyere Cu agbaze site na mgbako na nnwale n'ime alloy Ọdịdị.Anyị agbakwunyere Ti mgbakwunye sitere na 10% ruo 30% na mgbasa ozi iji wepụ Cu gbazee.Mgbakwunye nke Ti na-eme ka ntinye uche Ti dị na nsọtụ oyi akwa a na-enyefe, nke na-ebelata gradient Ti n'ime oyi akwa a ma na-ebelata ọnụego mgbasa.Ọ na-abawanye ọnụego ntapu Ta site n'ịbawanye \({c}_{{{({\rm{Ti}}}}}}}}}^{l}\), so \({c}_{{{{{ {\rm{Ta}}}}}}}^{l}\) (Ntinye mgbakwunye 1b). solubility nke alloying ọcha na agbaze, anyị emewo ka CuAgTaTi quaternary usoro dị ka ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma (CuAg) TaTi ternary usoro nke solubility nke Ti na Ta dabere na ịta nke Ag na CuAg gbazee (lee Note) 2 na mgbakwunye. 2–4).Mgbakwunye Ag adịghị eme ka ntinye nke Ti dị na nsọtụ nke nhazi a na-enyefe.Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na solubility nke Ti na Ag dị ala karịa nke Cu, nke a na-ebelata \({c}_{{{{{\\rm{Ta}}}}}}}}}^{l}\) 1) 4b) na ọnụego ntapu Ta.
Nsonaazụ nke simulations ubi na-egosi na n'otu oge na-eto eto na-esiwanye ike n'ime ogologo oge zuru oke iji kwalite nguzobe nke topologically jikọtara ihe n'ihu ire ere.Anyị na-anwale nkwubi okwu a site n'igosi na oyi akwa nke Ta15T85 alloy, nke na-etolite n'akụkụ ihu delamination n'oge ọzọ nke delamination, na-anọgide na-ejikọta ya na topologically mgbe etching nke ọla-ọgaranya nke ọla kọpa.Nsonaazụ anyị na-atụkwa aro na ọnụego ntapu ahụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na evolushọn morphological n'ihi nnukwu njem na-agbasa nke ihe ndị na-enweghị ike ime n'ime mmiri na-agbaze.E gosipụtara n'ebe a na mmetụta a, nke na-adịghị na ECD, na-emetụta ike nke profaịlụ ntinye uche nke ihe dị iche iche dị na oyi akwa a họpụtara, akụkụ nke akụkụ siri ike, na topology nke nhazi LMD.
Na ngalaba a, anyị na-ebu ụzọ gosipụta nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ anyị site na ịme anwansị ubi nke mmetụta nke ịgbakwunye Ti ma ọ bụ Ag na Cu na-agbaze na-eme ka ọdịdị dị iche iche pụta.Na fig.Ọnụọgụ 1 na-egosi nsonaazụ nke nhazi akụkụ atọ nke mpaghara nke TaXTi1-X alloys enwetara site na Cu70Ti30, Cu70Ag30 na ọla kọpa dị ọcha na-agbaze na obere atomịk nke ihe ndị na-adịghị ike sitere na 5 ruo 15%.Ahịrị abụọ nke mbụ na-egosi na mgbakwunye nke ma Ti na Ag na-akwalite nguzobe nke ihe njikọ topologically ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro enweghị oke nke dị ọcha Cu (ahịrị nke atọ).Agbanyeghị, mgbakwunye Ti, dị ka a tụrụ anya ya, mụbara ntapu Ta, si otú a na-egbochi delamination nke ala X alloys dị ala (Ta5Ti95 na Ta10Ti90) ma na-eme ka mgbaze dị ukwuu nke oyi akwa exfoliated n'oge delamination Ta15Ti85.N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, mgbakwunye Ag (ahịrị nke abụọ) na-enye aka n'ịmepụta usoro metụtara topologically nke ihe niile dị na ala alloy nwere ntakịrị mgbasa nke oyi akwa a na-enyefe.Nhazi nke ihe owuwu bi na-aga n'ihu ka egosiri na fig.1b, nke na-egosi ihe oyiyi nke nhazi a na-enyefe na-abawanye omimi nke delamination site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri na ihe oyiyi nke interface mmiri siri ike na oke omimi (onyinyo aka nri aka nri).
3D phase field simulation (128 × 128 × 128 nm3) na-egosi mmetụta dị egwu nke ịgbakwunye solute na mmiri mmiri gbazee na morphology ikpeazụ nke alloy e kenyere.Akara elu na-egosi ihe mejupụtara alloy nne na nna (TaXTi1-X) yana akara kwụ ọtọ na-egosi mgbaze agbaze nke usoro nro dabere na Cu.A na-egosi ebe ndị nwere oke Ta dị elu na nhazi ahụ na-enweghị ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha na agba aja aja, na-egosipụtakwa ihe siri ike-mmiri mmiri na-acha anụnụ anụnụ.b ịme anwansị akụkụ atọ nke mpaghara ngalaba nke Ta15Ti85 precursor alloy na-agbaze na Cu70Ag30 gbazee (190 × 190 × 190 nm3).Okpokoro 3 nke mbụ na-egosi mpaghara siri ike nke ihe owuwu a na-enyefe na omimi ndị nnọchiteanya dị iche iche, na nke ikpeazụ na-egosi naanị ihe siri ike-mmiri mmiri na omimi kachasị.Ihe nkiri ahụ kwekọrọ na (b) ka egosiri na ihe nkiri mgbakwunye 1.
A na-enyochakwa mmetụta nke mgbakwunye solute site na iji simulations ngalaba 2D, nke nyere ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara nhazi ihu ihu n'ihu delamination ma nye ohere ịnweta ogologo ogologo na oge akpịrịkpa karịa simulations 3D iji nyochaa kinetics delamination.Na fig.Ọgụgụ 2 na-egosi onyonyo nke ịme anwansị nke mwepụ nke Ta15Ti85 precursor alloy site na Cu70Ti30 na Cu70Ag30 gbazee.N'okwu abụọ a, uto jikọtara ọnụ na mgbasa na-adịghị akwụsi ike.Kama penetrating vetikal n'ime alloy, Atụmatụ nke mmiri mmiri ọwa na-akpali chaotically ekpe na nri na nnọọ mgbagwoju trajectories n'oge a ike uto usoro na-akwalite kwekọọ owuwu na-akwalite guzobe topologically metụtara owuwu na 3D ohere (Fig. 1).Agbanyeghị, enwere ọdịiche dị mkpa n'etiti mgbakwunye Ti na Ag.Maka Cu70Ti30 gbazee (Fig 2a), nkukota nke ọwa mmiri mmiri abụọ na-eduga na njikọta nke interface mmiri siri ike, nke na-eduga na extrusion nke ihe nkedo siri ike na-ejide ọwa abụọ ahụ site na nhazi ahụ na, n'ikpeazụ, na-agbaze. .N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, n'ihi na Cu70Ag30 gbazee (Fig. 2b), Ta enrichment na interface n'etiti siri ike na mmiri mmiri n'ụzọ na-egbochi coalescence n'ihi mbelata nke ntapu Ta n'ime gbazee.N'ihi ya, a na-ebelata mkpakọ nke njikọ dị na delamination n'ihu, si otú ahụ na-akwalite nhazi nke njikọ njikọ.N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, mmegharị oscillatory chaotic nke ọwa mmiri mmiri na-emepụta ihe dị n'akụkụ abụọ nke nwere ọkwa ụfọdụ nke nhazi mgbe a na-ebelata nkwụsị (Fig 2b).Otú ọ dị, nkwekọ a abụghị n'ihi uto kwụsiri ike nke njikọ ahụ.Na 3D, ntinye na-adịghị akwụsi ike na-emepụta usoro bicontinuous jikọtara na-abụghị coaxial (Fig 1b).
Snapshots nke 2D simulations ubi nke Cu70Ti30 (a) na Cu70Ag30 (b) gbazere agbaze ka Ta15Ti85 alloy na-egosi uto na-akwụsighị ike na-ejikọta ọnụ.Foto ndị na-egosi omimi mwepụ adịghị ọcha dị iche iche tụrụ site na ọnọdụ mbụ nke oghere siri ike/mmiri dị larịị.Insets na-egosi usoro dị iche iche nke nkwekọrịta ọwa mmiri mmiri, na-eduga na nkwụsị nke ihe nkedo siri ike na ichekwa Cu70Ti30 na Cu70Ag30 gbazee, n'otu n'otu.Obosara ngalaba nke Cu70Ti30 bụ 1024 nm, Cu70Ag30 bụ 384 nm.Acha agba na-egosi mkpokọta Ta, na agba dị iche iche na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti mpaghara mmiri mmiri (ọchịchịrị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ), alloy base (acha anụnụ anụnụ), na ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe (ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọbara ọbara).Ihe nkiri nke ịme anwansị ndị a na-egosi na ihe nkiri mgbakwunye 2 na 3, nke na-egosipụta ụzọ mgbagwoju anya na-abanye n'ọwa mmiri mmiri n'oge uto na-ejikọtaghị ọnụ.
E gosipụtara nsonaazụ ndị ọzọ nke simulation ubi 2D na Fig.3.Eserese omimi nke delamination na oge (mkpọda hà V) na fig.3a na-egosi na mgbakwunye nke Ti ma ọ bụ Ag na Cu na-agbaze na-ebelata kinetics nkewa, dị ka a tụrụ anya ya.Na fig.3b na-egosi na nkwụsịtụ a bụ mbelata nke gradient Ti n'ime mmiri mmiri dị n'ime oyi akwa a họpụtara.Ọ na-egosikwa na mgbakwunye nke Ti (Ag) na-abawanye (na-ebelata) ntinye nke Ti n'akụkụ mmiri nke interface (\({c}_{{{{{{\rm{Ti))))))) ))) ^{l \)), nke na-eduga na ntapu nke Ta, tụrụ site na ntakiri nke Ta agbazekwa na gbazee dị ka a ọrụ nke oge (Fig. 3c), nke na-abawanye (na-ebelata) na mgbakwunye nke Ti (Ag). ).Ọnụọgụ 3d na-egosi na maka solutes abụọ ahụ, akụkụ dị nta nke ihe siri ike na-anọgide n'elu ọnụ ụzọ maka nhazi nke ihe ndị metụtara topologically bicontinuous28,29,30.Mgbe ị na-agbakwunye Ti na gbazee na-abawanye ntanye nke Ta, ọ na-eme ka njigide nke Ti dị na ihe nkedo siri ike n'ihi nha nha nke oge, si otú a na-amụba akụkụ nke olu iji nọgide na-ejikọta ọnụ nke nhazi ahụ na-enweghị adịghị ọcha.Mgbakọ anyị na-ekwenyekarị na nlebanya nyocha nke oke olu nke n'ihu delamination.
Simulation ubi nke Ta15Ti85 alloy na-akọwapụta mmetụta dị iche iche nke mgbakwunye Ti na Ag na Cu gbazee na mkpochapụ alloy nke a tụrụ site na omimi mwepụ alloy dị ka ọrụ nke oge (a), profaịlụ ntinye uche Ti na mmiri mmiri n'oge. Alloy mwepụ omimi nke 400 nm (mgbidi na-adịghị mma na-agbasawanye n'ime gbazee n'èzí ihe nhazi alloy ( alloy n'ihu n'aka ekpe) b Ta leakage vesos time (c) na akụkụ siri ike n'ime ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe na ihe mejupụtara gbazee (d) Ntinye nke ihe ndị ọzọ. na agbaze na-akpa nkata tinyere abscissa (d). (Ti - green line, Ag - purple line and experiment).
Ebe ọ bụ na ọsọ nke delamination n'ihu na-ebelata ka oge na-aga, mgbanwe nke morphology n'oge delamination na-egosi mmetụta nke ibelata ọsọ delamination.N'ime usoro ọmụmụ ubi gara aga, anyị hụrụ uto eutectic dị ka agbakwunyere na-ebute n'usoro topologically enweghị oke n'oge mwepụ nke Ta15Ti85 precursor alloy site na ọla kọpa dị ọcha15.Otú ọ dị, ogologo oge nke otu usoro ịme anwansị nke ubi na-egosi (lee ihe nkiri mgbakwunye 4) na mgbe ire ere n'ihu na-adị ntakịrị, uto nke jikọtara ya na-aghọ nke na-adịghị akwụsi ike.Akwụsịghị ahụ na-egosipụta onwe ya na mpụta mpụta nke flakes, nke na-egbochi nhazi ha na, ya mere, na-akwalite nhazi nke njikọ topologically.Ntugharị site na uto kwụsiri ike gaa na nhịahụ na-akwụghị ụgwọ na-apụta nso xi = 250 nm n'ọsọ 4.7 mm/s.N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, xi dị omimi delamination kwekọrọ nke Cu70Ti30 gbazee bụ ihe dịka 40 nm n'otu ọnụego ahụ.Ya mere, anyị enweghị ike ịhụ mgbanwe dị otú ahụ mgbe anyị na-ewepụ ihe alloy na Cu70Ti30 gbazee (lee ihe nkiri mgbakwunye 3), n'ihi na ịtinye 30% Ti na gbazee na-ebelata nke ukwuu na-ewepụ kinetics alloy.N'ikpeazụ, ọ bụ ezie na mmụba jikọtara ọnụ na-esighi ike n'ihi kinetics delamination na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ, anya λ0 nke njikọ siri ike n'ihu delamination na-erube isi n'iwu \ ({\lambda }_{0}^{2}V=C \) uto15,31 ebe C na-adịgide adịgide.
Iji nwalee amụma nke ịme anwansị ubi, a na-eji ihe nlele buru ibu na oge iwepụ alloy dị ogologo.Onyonyo 4a bụ eserese eserese na-egosi njiri mara nke ihe owuwu a họpụtara.Ngụkọta omimi nke delamination hà nhata xi, ebe dị anya site na ókèala mbụ nke usoro siri ike na mmiri mmiri ruo n'ihu delamination.hL bụ ebe dị anya site na interface mmiri siri ike nke mbụ ruo na nsọtụ ihe owuwu a họpụtara tupu etching.Nnukwu hL na-egosi ntapu Ta siri ike.Site na onyonyo SEM nke ihe atụ a na-enyefe, anyị nwere ike tụọ nha HDD nke ihe owuwu a họpụtara tupu etching.Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na agbaze ahụ na-esikwa ike n'ime ụlọ okpomọkụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume idowe ihe owuwu a na-enyefe na-enweghị njikọ.Ya mere, anyị etched gbazee (ọla kọpa na-adọ) iji nweta usoro mgbanwe ma jiri hC mee ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke nhazi mgbanwe.
Eserese eserese nke evolushọn nke morphology n'oge mwepụ nke adịghị ọcha na mkpebi nke geometric parameters: ntapu oyi akwa ọkpụrụkpụ Ta hL, ọkpụrụkpụ nke delaminated Ọdịdị HD, ọkpụrụkpụ nke njikọ Ọdịdị hC.(b), (c) Nnwale nkwado nke usoro ịme anwansị nke ubi na-atụnyere akụkụ SEM cross na 3D etched morphology nke Ta15Ti85 alloy nke a kwadebere site na Cu (b) dị ọcha na Cu70Ag30 gbazee, na-amịpụta njikọ nke topological na nhazi nha nha nha (c), ogwe ọnụ. 10 µm.
Akụkụ obe nke ihe arụrụ arụ ọrụ nke egosiri na fig.4b,c kwadoro mmetụta ndị e buru n'amụma nke ịgbakwunye Ti na Ag na Cu na-agbaze na morphology na kinetics nke alloy a na-enyefe.Na fig.Ọnụọgụ 4b na-egosi mpaghara ala nke SEM ịkpụ (n'aka ekpe) nke Ta15T85 alloy alloy by imikpu na ọla kọpa dị ọcha maka 10 s na omimi nke xi ~ 270 μm.N'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ oge nnwale enwere ike ịtụnye, nke bụ ọtụtụ iwu dị ukwuu karịa n'ụdị simulations ubi, ọsọ n'ihu na-agbanwe nke ọma dị n'okpuru ọsọ ọsọ nke 4.7 mm/s e kwuru n'elu, n'okpuru ebe uto eutectic kwụsiri ike na-aghọ nke na-akwụsighị ike.Ya mere, a na-atụ anya na a ga-ejikọta ihe owuwu dị n'elu ihu peel na topologically zuru ezu.Tupu etching, a na-agbaze obere oyi akwa nke ala alloy kpamkpam (hL = 20 μm), nke jikọtara ya na ntapu Ta (Table 1).Mgbe etching kemịkalụ nke oge ọla kọpa nwere ọla kọpa (n'aka nri), ọ bụ naanị obere oyi akwa nke alloy e debere (hC = 42 µm) ka fọdụrụ, na-egosi na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe owuwu ahụ furu efu n'usoro n'oge etching na ọ bụghị, dị ka a tụrụ anya ya, jikọtara ya na topologically. Fig. 1 a)., ihe oyiyi aka nri n'ahịrị nke atọ).Na fig.4c na-egosi akụkụ obe SEM zuru ezu na onyonyo 3D nke etching nke alloy Ta15Ti85 wepụrụ site na imikpu na Cu70Ag30 gbazee maka 10 s ruo omimi nke ihe dịka 200 µm.Ebe ọ bụ na a na-ebu amụma na omimi bee ga-abawanye site na \({x}_{i}(t)=\sqrt{4p{D}_{l}t}\) kinetics na-achịkwa mgbasa (lee ihe mgbakwunye mgbakwunye 4) 15 16, Na mgbakwunye nke 30% Ag na Cu agbaze, mbelata nke omimi nkewa site na 270 μm ruo 220 μm kwekọrọ na mbelata nke nọmba Peclet p site na ihe nke 1.5.Mgbe etching kemịkalụ nke Cu/Ag bara ọgaranya (n'aka nri), ihe niile e nyefere n'aka na-ejigide iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe (hC = 200 µm), na-egosi na ọ bụ n'ụzọ bụ isi ihe atụpụtara n'elu n'ụzọ zuru oke jikọtara ọnụ na-aga n'ihu (Nyocha 1, onyonyo ziri ezi) ahịrị nke abụọ na dum. ahịrị ala).A na-achịkọta nha niile nke alloy base alloy Ta15T85 na agbaze dị iche iche na tebụl.1. Anyị na-ewetakwa nsonaazụ maka unalloyed Ta10Ti90 base alloys na agbaze dị iche iche, na-akwado nkwubi okwu anyị.Ntụle nke ntapu oyi akwa ọkpụrụkpụ Ta gosiri na ihe owuwu etisasịwo na Cu70Ag30 gbazee (hL = 0 μm) dị obere karịa nke dị ọcha Cu gbazee (hL = 20 μm).N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, mgbakwunye Ti na agbaze na-agbaze ihe ndị na-adịghị ike (hL = 190 μm).Mbelata nke mgbasa nke ihe owuwu e kenyere n'etiti dị ọcha Cu gbazee (hL = 250 μm) na Cu70Ag30 gbazee (hL = 150 μm) na-apụta karịa na alloys ndị e kenyere aka na-adabere na Ta10Ti90.
Iji ghọta mmetụta nke agbaze dị iche iche, anyị mere nyocha ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ ọzọ nke nsonaazụ nnwale na Fig. 5 (leekwa Data Mgbakwunye 1).Na fig.Ọnụọgụ 5a-b na-egosi nha nkesa ịta ahụhụ nke ihe dị iche iche tinyere ntụziaka nke exfoliation na exfoliation nnwale na dị ọcha Cu gbazee (Fig 5a) na Cu70Ag30 gbazee (Fig 5b).A na-echepụta ihe dị iche iche nke ihe dị iche iche megide anya d site na delamination n'ihu ruo na nsọtụ nke oyi akwa delamination na ihe nkedo siri ike na akụkụ nke mmiri mmiri (nke bara ụba na Cu ma ọ bụ CuAg) n'oge delamination.N'adịghị ka ECD, ebe a na-ekpebi njigide nke ihe ndị na-adịghị mma site na ọnụego nkewa, na LMD, a na-ekpebi itinye uche na ihe nkedo siri ike site na mpaghara thermodynamic equilibrium n'etiti usoro siri ike na mmiri mmiri na, ya mere, ihe jikọrọ ọnụ nke ihe siri ike na nke siri ike. usoro mmiri mmiri.Eserese steeti Alloy.N'ihi mgbasa nke Ti site na alloy isi, ntinye Ti na-ebelata na-abawanye d site na delamination n'ihu ruo na nsọtụ oyi akwa delamination.N'ihi ya, ntinye uche Ta mụbara na-abawanye d tinyere ùkwù, nke kwekọrọ na ịme anwansị nke ubi (Mgbakwunye Fig. 5).Ntinye uche Ti na Cu70Ag30 gbazere na-adaba nke ọma karịa na agbaze Cu dị ọcha, nke dabara na ọnụego mwepụ alloy dị nwayọ.Profaịlụ ịta ahụhụ tụrụ na fig.5b na-egosikwa na oke nke mkpokọta Ag na Cu na mmiri mmiri abụghị kpọmkwem mgbe niile n'akụkụ oyi akwa nke alloy e kenyere, ebe n'ime simulation nke ubi a na-eche na ọ ga-adịgide adịgide na simulation nke gbazee dị ka. ihe pseudo-ihe Cu70Ag30.N'agbanyeghị ọdịiche dị n'ọnụọgụgụ nke a, ụdị mpaghara mpaghara na-ewepụta mmetụta qualitative kachasị nke ịgbakwunye Ag na igbochi ntapu Ta.Nlegharị anya n'ụzọ zuru ezu nke gradients nke ihe anọ niile dị na njikọ siri ike na mmiri mmiri chọrọ ihe nlere anya akụkụ anọ kachasị mma nke eserese nke TaTiCuAg, nke gafere oke ọrụ a.
Profaịlụ ịta ahụhụ tụrụ atụ dabere na anya d site na delamination n'ihu Ta15Ti85 alloy in (a) Cu gbazee na (b) Cu70Ag30 gbazee.Ntụle nke nha nha nha nha nke solids ρ(d) nke nhazi a na-enyefe (akara siri ike) na amụma amụma dabara na nha anya na-enweghị ntapu Ta (akara dashed).(1) (c) Amụma nha nhata.(1) A na-edozi nha nha n'ihu delamination.(2) Ya bụ, Ta leakage na-atụle.Tụọ nkezi obosara nkekọ λw na anya λs (d).Ogwe mperi na-anọchite anya ndahie ọkọlọtọ.
Na fig.5c tụlere nha nha nha nke solids ρ(d) (akara siri ike) maka ihe owuwu dị ọcha nke Cu na Cu70Ag30 sitere na gbazee ya na amụma amụma (akara dashed) enwetara site na nchekwa ọtụtụ site na iji ntule Ta tụrụ n'ime ihe nkedo siri ike \({ c }_ {Ta}^{s} (d) \) (Fig 5a,b) na-eleghara ntapu nke Ta na njem nke Ta n'etiti agbụ na dị iche iche omimi nke nkewa.Ọ bụrụ na Ta na-agbanwe site na ihe siri ike gaa na mmiri mmiri, Ta niile dị n'ime ala alloy ga-ekesa ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkedo siri ike.Ya mere, na oyi akwa ọ bụla nke n'ime ime ihe owuwu perpendicular na ntụziaka nke mwepụ nke alloy, nchekwa nke uka pụtara na \({c}_{Ta}^{s}(d){S}_{s}(d) )={c}_ {Ta}^{0}(d){S}_{t}\), ebe \({c}_{Ta}^{s}(d)\) na \({c) }_{Ta }^ {0}\) bụ ihe Ta n'ọkwa d na ihe nkedo na matrix alloy, n'otu n'otu, na Ss (d) na St bụ akụkụ nke akụkụ nke ihe nkedo siri ike na mpaghara niile dịpụrụ adịpụ, n'otu n'otu.Nke a na-ebu amụma nha nha nke ihe siri ike na oyi akwa dịpụrụ adịpụ.
Enwere ike itinye nke a n'ụzọ dị mfe na nhazi nke dị ọcha Cu na Cu70Ag30 na-agbaze site na iji usoro \({c}_{Ta}^{s}(d)\) kwekọrọ na ahịrị anụnụ anụnụ.Amụma ndị a na-adabere na Fig. 5c na-egosi na ileghara ntanye Ta anya bụ ihe na-adịghị mma maka nkesa nkesa olu.Nchekwa uka na-akwụghị ụgwọ na-ebu amụma mbelata monotonic na ntakiri olu na-abawanye d, nke a na-ahụ nke ọma na Cu na-agbaze, mana ọ bụghị na Cu70Ag30 gbazere, ebe ρ(d) nwere opekempe.Tụkwasị na nke a, nke a na-eduga n'ịtụle ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ịrịba ama nke oke olu na n'ihu nkewa maka agbaze abụọ.Maka ntakịrị ihe atụ d ≈ 10 µm, ụkpụrụ ρ e buru n'amụma maka agbaze abụọ gafere 0.5, ebe ụkpụrụ ρ tụrụ maka Cu na Cu70Ag30 na-agbaze dị ntakịrị karịa 0.3 na 0.4, n'otu n'otu.
Iji mesie isi ọrụ nke ntapu Ta, anyị na-egosikwa na ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọnụ ọgụgụ ρ a tụrụ na amụma dị nso n'ihu ire ere nwere ike iwepụ site n'ịnụcha amụma amụma anyị gụnyere itinye ntanye a.Iji mezuo nke a, ka anyị gbakọọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Ta atọm na-esi na ihe siri ike banye na mmiri mmiri mgbe ihu ire ere na-agafe n'ebe dị anya Δxi = vΔt na oge etiti oge Δt Δxi = vΔt, ebe \ (v={\dot{x) )) _{i }( t )\) - ọnụ ọgụgụ delamination, omimi na oge nwere ike isite na mmekọrịta a ma ama \({x}_{i}(t)=\sqrt{4p{D}_{l}t } \) nhụsianya.Iwu mpaghara nke nchekwa oke n'ihu nkewa (d ≈ 0) dị ka ΔN = DlglΔtSl/va, ebe gl bụ gradient nke Ta atom n'ime mmiri mmiri, va bụ olu atomic kwekọrọ na ntinye nke akọwapụtara dị ka ihe. Atọmịk nta, na Sl = St - Ss bụ akụkụ akụkụ nke ọwa mmiri mmiri na n'ihu delamination.Enwere ike ịgbakọ gradient gl nke ịta ahụhụ site n'iche na ntinye nke atom Ta nwere uru mgbe niile \ ({c}_{Ta}^{l}\) na interface ma dị ntakịrị na agbaze n'èzí exfoliated oyi akwa, nke. na-enye \( {g}_ {l}={c}_{Ta}^{l}/{x}_{i}\) Ya mere, \({{\Delta}}N=({{\Delta}) {x}_{i} {S}_{l}/{v}_{a}{c}_{Ta}^{l}/(2p)\).Mgbe ihu na-aga n'ebe dị anya Δxi, akụkụ ahụ siri ike nhata na ọnụọgụ Ta atọm ewepụrụ na alloy base, \({{\Delta}}{x}_{i}{S}_{t} c }_{Ta}^ {0}/{v}_{a}\), na nchikota nke ọnụọgụ Ta atọm na-agbaba n'ime mmiri mmiri, ΔN, ma tinye ya na ihe nkedo siri ike ({{ \Delta}) } {x}_{i}{S}_{s }{c}_{Ta}^{s}/{v}_{a}\).Nhazi a, yana okwu dị n'elu maka ΔN na mmekọrịta St = Ss + Sl na usoro n'ihu delamination.
Na njedebe nke efu solubility nke Ta atọm, nke na-ebelata n'oge amụma nke enweghị ntapu, \(\rho ={c}_{Ta}^{0}/{c}_{Ta}^{s} \) mmiri mmiri ( \({c }_{Ta}^{l}=0\)).Iji ụkpụrụ \ ({c}_{Ta} ^ {l} banyere 0.03 \) site na nha nnwale (egosighi na Fig. 5a, b) na nọmba Peclet p ≈ 0.26 na p ≈ 0.17 na mkpokọta siri ike \ ( {c}_{Ta}^{s}\ihe dị ka 0.3 \) na \({c}_{Ta}^{s}\ihe dị ka 0.25 \) maka Cu na Cu70Ag30 agbazekwa, n'otu n'otu, anyị na-enweta amụma amụma. agbaze, ρ ≈ 0.38 na ρ ≈ 0.39.Amụma ndị a bụ n'ụzọ zuru oke na nkwekọrịta dị mma na nha.Ndị ọzọ dị iche iche (buru amụma 0.38 vs. tụrụ 0.32 maka dị ọcha Cu gbazee na 0.39 buru amụma vs. tụrụ 0.43 maka Cu70Ag30 gbazee) nwere ike kọwara site ukwuu nha ejighị n'aka maka dị ala Ta ntanye na mmiri mmiri (\( {c}_{Ta). }^ {l}\ihe dị ka 0.03 \)), nke a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-adị ntakịrị ibu na agbaze ọla kọpa dị ọcha.
Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eme nnwale ndị dị ugbu a na ihe ndị dị n'okpuru ala na agbaze, anyị na-atụ anya na nsonaazụ nyocha nke nnwale ndị a ga-enyere aka nweta nha nha.(2) Ọdabara zuru oke na sistemụ doping LMD ndị ọzọ yana ụzọ ndị ọzọ metụtara ya dị ka Mwepụ adịghị ọcha nke steeti siri ike (SSD).Ruo ugbu a, a na-eleghara mmetụta nke ntapu nke ihe ndị na-enweghị ike ime na nhazi LMD anya kpamkpam.Nke a bụ n'ihi na mmetụta a adịghị mkpa na ECDD, ma ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-eche na NMD yiri REC.Otú ọ dị, isi ihe dị iche n'etiti ECD na LMD bụ na n'ime LMD, a na-abawanye ụbara nke ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe na mmiri mmiri n'ihi nnukwu ihe ndị na-adịghị mma na akụkụ mmiri nke interface (\({c}_{Ti} ^{). l}\)), nke n'aka nke ya na-abawanye ntinye nke ihe ndị a na-apụghị imeri eme (\({c}_{Ta}^{l}\)) n'akụkụ mmiri mmiri nke interface ahụ ma na-ebelata ụda olu nke amụma siri ike nke steeti siri ike buru amụma. .(2) Ọganihu a bụ n'ihi na interface mmiri siri ike n'oge LMD dị na mpaghara thermodynamic equilibrium, ya mere elu \ ({c}_{Ti}^{l}\) na-enyere aka melite \ ({c} _ {Ta} ^{l}\ N'otu aka ahụ, elu \ ({c}_{Ti}^{s}\) na-enye ohere ka etinye Cu n'ime ihe nkedo siri ike, na ntinye nke Cu siri ike n'ime ihe ndị a dịgasị iche site na 10% nke nta nke nta. mbelata na ụkpụrụ bụ negligible na nsọtụ nke obere e delegated oyi akwa (Supplementary Fig. 6) .N'ụzọ dị iche, electrochemical mwepụ nke Ag si AgAu alloys site ECD bụ mmeghachi omume na-abụghị nha nha nke na-adịghị eme ka solubility nke Au na na electrolyte.Na mgbakwunye na LMD, anyị na-atụkwa anya na nsonaazụ anyị na-emetụta draịva steeti siri ike, ebe a na-atụ anya na ókèala siri ike na-echekwa nha nha nke thermodynamic mpaghara n'oge mwepụ alloy. Atụmanya a na-akwado n'eziokwu na mgbanwe na obere akụkụ olu. A na-ahụ ihe ndị siri ike na oyi akwa e kenyere nke SSD, na-egosi m, na n'oge ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ enwere mgbasa nke eriri siri ike, jikọtara ya na nkwụsị nke ihe ndị a na-apụghị ime eme.
Na nha nhata.(2) Iji buo amụma mbelata dị ukwuu na akụkụ ahụ siri ike na nkwụsị nke alloy n'ihu n'ihi ntanye Ta, ọ dịkwa mkpa iburu n'uche njem Ta na mpaghara mwepụ alloy iji ghọta nkesa nkesa siri ike na dum. alloy mwepụ oyi akwa, nke kwekọrọ na ọla kọpa dị ọcha na Cu70Ag30 gbazee.Maka agbaze Cu70Ag30 (akara uhie na fig. 5c), ρ(d) nwere opekempe ihe dị ka ọkara nke oyi akwa a họpụtara.Nke a kacha nta bụ n'ihi na ngụkọta nke Ta dị na ihe nkedo siri ike dị nso na nsọtụ oyi akwa a na-enyefe dị ukwuu karịa na alloy base.Ya bụ, maka d ≈ 230 μm \({S}_{s}(d){c}_{Ta}^{s}(d)\, > \,{S}_{t}{c} _ {Ta}^{0}\), ma ọ bụ dakọtara kpam kpam, atụnyere ρ(d) = Ss(d)/St ≈ 0.35 buru ibu karịa nha nha na-ebu amụma.(1) Ọ dịghị ntapu\({c}_{Ta}^{0}/{c}_{Ta}^{s}(d)\ihe dị ka 0.2\).Nke a pụtara na akụkụ nke mgbapụ Ta na-ebufe site na nkewa nkewa n'ihu na mpaghara dịpụrụ adịpụ site n'ihu a, na-agbasa na mmiri mmiri na n'akụkụ ihe mgbagwoju anya siri ike, ebe a na-agbanyeghachi ya.
Mweghachi a nwere mmetụta dị iche nke ntapu Ta iji mee ka ndị na-ekekọta Ta siri ike dịkwuo mma, na nkesa siri ike nwere ike ịkọwa nke ọma dị ka nguzozi nke ntapu Ta na redeposition.Maka agbaze Cu70Ag30, ntinye Ag na mmiri mmiri na-abawanye na d (akara akara akara agba aja aja na Fig. 5b) iji belata ntapu Ta site n'ibelata Ta solubility, nke na-eduga n'ịbawanye ρ (d) na-abawanye d mgbe ọ ruru opekempe. .Nke a na-edobe akụkụ siri ike nke ukwuu iji gbochie nkewa n'ihi ikewapụ nkekọ siri ike, nke na-akọwa ihe kpatara ụlọ ọrụ ndị a họpụtara na Cu70Ag30 na-agbaze na-ejigide iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe mgbe etching gasịrị.N'ụzọ dị iche, n'ihi na ọla kọpa dị ọcha agbaze, ntapu na redeposition fọrọ nke nta ịkagbu ibe ya, na-akpata mbelata ngwa ngwa na solids n'okpuru nkebi nke oyi akwa maka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị nnọchiteanya oyi akwa, na-ahapụ naanị a dị gịrịgịrị oyi akwa nke na-ejigide structural iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe dị nso n'ókè nke. oyi akwa a họpụtara ahọpụta.(Fig 4b, Isiokwu 1).
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, nyocha anyị lekwasịrị anya n'ịkọwa mmetụta siri ike nke mwepu nke ihe ndị na-adịghị mma na ebe a na-akpachapụ anya na akụkụ siri ike na topology nke ihe owuwu ndị a họpụtara.Ka anyị tụgharịa ugbu a na mmetụta nke ntapu a na mbelata ihe owuwu bicontinuum dị n'ime oyi akwa ewepụtara, nke na-emekarị n'oge LMD n'ihi oke nhazi nhazi.Nke a dị iche na ECD ebe coarsening fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dịghị adị n'oge mwepụ nke alloy, ma nwere ike mere site annealing na elu okpomọkụ mgbe e wepụrụ alloy.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-emepụta ihe n'oge LMD n'okpuru echiche na ọ na-eme n'ihi mgbasa nke ihe ndị a na-apụghị ime eme n'akụkụ interface mmiri siri ike, dị ka mgbasa ozi na-agbasa n'elu nke akụkụ ECD nke nanoporous annealed.N'ihi ya, a na-ahazi nha nke njikọ ahụ site na iji iwu mkpali ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ.
ebe tc bụ oge nkwụsịtụ, nke akọwapụtara dị ka oge gafere mgbe njedebe nke delamination n'ihu na omimi xi n'ime Layer delamination (ebe λ nwere uru mbụ nke λ00) ruo mgbe njedebe nke nnwale nke delamination, na scaling index n = 4 na-agbasa n'elu.Ekwesịrị iji nlezianya mee ihe.(3) Kọwaa ihe nha nke λ na anya d maka nhazi ikpeazụ na-enweghị adịghị ọcha na njedebe nke nnwale.Nke a bụ n'ihi n'eziokwu na mpaghara dị nso na nsọtụ oyi akwa a na-enyefe na-ewe ogologo oge iji gbasaa karịa mpaghara dị nso n'ihu.Enwere ike ime nke a na nha nha ọzọ.(3) Mmekọrịta na tc na d.Enwere ike nweta njikọ a n'ụzọ dị mfe site n'ịkọ omimi nke mwepụ nke alloy dị ka ọrụ nke oge, \({x}_{i}(t)=\sqrt{4p{D}_{l}t}\), nke na-enye tc ( d ) = te - tf (d), ebe te bụ ogologo oge nke nnwale dum, \({t}_{f}(d)={(\sqrt{4p{D}_{l} {t}_{ e } }-d)}^{2}/(4p{D}_{l})\) bụ oge maka delamination n'ihu iru omimi nhata ikpeazụ delamination omimi mwepu d.Tinye okwu a maka tc(d) n'ime akara.(3) Kwuo amụma λ(d) (lee ndetu 5 ọzọ).
Iji nwalee amụma a, anyị mere nha nke obosara na anya n'etiti ùkwù na akụkụ obe zuru oke nke ihe owuwu ndị e depụtara na-egosi na foto mgbakwunye 9 maka dị ọcha Cu na Cu70Ag30 gbazee.Site na nyocha ahịrị kwụ ọtọ na ntụziaka delamination dị iche iche d site na delamination n'ihu, anyị nwetara nkezi obosara λw (d) nke Ta-rich bundles na nkezi anya λs (d) n'etiti ngwugwu.Egosiri nha ndị a na fig.5d ma atụnyere amụma nke nha anya.(3) na mgbakwunye Fig. 10 maka ụkpụrụ dị iche iche nke n.Ntụnyere na-egosi na n'elu mgbasa ozi index nke n = 4 na-enye amụma adịghị mma.Amụma a adịghị eme nke ọma site n'ịhọrọ n = 3 maka ịgbasa capillary mgbasa ozi na-agbasa, nke mmadụ nwere ike na-atụ anya na ọ ga-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma n'ihi ntanye Ta n'ime mmiri mmiri.
Nkwekọrịta ọnụọgụgụ nke a n'etiti tiori na nnwale abụghị ihe ijuanya, ebe Eq.(3) na-akọwa coarsening capillary na ntakiri olu mgbe niile ρ, ebe na LMD, akụkụ nke siri ike ρ adịghị adịgide adịgide.ρ na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa n'ime oyi akwa wepụrụ na njedebe nke mwepụ alloy, dị ka egosiri na fig.5c.ρ na-agbanwekwa na oge n'oge iwepụ ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha na omimi mwepụ nke edoziri, site na uru nke nkwụsị n'ihu (nke bụ ihe dị ka oge na-adịgide adịgide na oge ma si otú a na-adabere na tf na d) na nha nha nke ρ (d) gosiri na fig. 5c kwekọrọ na oge ikpeazụ.Site na fig.3d, e nwere ike ime atụmatụ na ire ere n'ihu ụkpụrụ bụ banyere 0.4 na 0.35 maka AgCu na dị ọcha Cu agbaze, n'otu n'otu, nke na ihe niile dị elu karịa ikpeazụ uru nke ρ n'oge te.Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'obi na mbelata na ρ na oge na oge a kapịrị ọnụ d bụ ​​nsonaazụ kpọmkwem nke ọnụnọ nke gradient nke ihe mgbagwoju anya (Ti) na mmiri mmiri.Ebe ọ bụ na ntinye nke Ti na mmiri mmiri na-ebelata ma na-abawanye d, nha nhata nke Ti na ihe siri ike bụkwa ọrụ na-ebelata nke d, nke na-eduga na mgbasa nke Ti site na ndị na-ejikọta ihe siri ike na mbelata nke ntakiri siri ike na oge.Mgbanwe nwa oge na ρ na-emetụtakwa ntapu na mweghachi nke Ta.Ya mere, n'ihi mmetụta ndị ọzọ nke mgbasa na nnabata, anyị na-atụ anya na coarsening n'oge LMD ga-, dị ka a na-achị, na-eme na ndị na-adịghị anọgide na-olu ụmụ irighiri ihe, nke ga-eduga na structural evolushọn na mgbakwunye na capillary coarsening, kamakwa n'ihi mgbasa na. mmiri mmiri na ọ bụghị naanị n'akụkụ ókèala siri ike-mmiri mmiri.
Eziokwu nha nhata.(3) obosara obosara na oghere oghere maka 3 ≤ n ≤ 4 abụghị ọnụ ọgụgụ (Mgbakwunye Fig. 10), na-atụ aro na mgbasa na redeposition abụghị n'ihi mbelata interface na-arụ ọrụ kachasị na nnwale ugbu a.Maka mkpuchi capillary, λw na λs na-atụ anya inwe otu ịdabere na d, ebe Fig. 5d na-egosi na λs na-abawanye na d ngwa ngwa karịa λw maka dị ọcha Cu na Cu70Ag30 gbazee.Ọ bụ ezie na a ghaghị ịtụle echiche na-agba agba nke na-eburu n'uche mgbasa na redeposition iji kọwaa nha ndị a n'ụzọ dị iche iche, a na-atụ anya ọdịiche a n'ụzọ qualitatively, ebe ọ bụ na nkwụsịtụ zuru oke nke obere agbụ na-enye aka n'ịbawanye anya n'etiti njikọ.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, λs nke Cu70Ag30 gbazere ruru uru kachasị elu na nsọtụ oyi akwa na-enweghị alloy, ma eziokwu ahụ bụ na λs nke ọla kọpa dị ọcha na-agbaze na-aga n'ihu na-abawanye monotonically site na mmụba na ntinye Ag na mmiri mmiri, ebe d na-eji kọwaa ρ(d) na Fig. 5c omume na-abụghị monotononic.Ịba ụba nke Ag na-abawanye d na-egbochi ntapụ Ta na mgbasa nke binder, nke na-eduga na mbelata na λs mgbe ọ ruru oke uru.
N'ikpeazụ, rịba ama na ihe ọmụmụ kọmputa nke nchikota capillary na-egosi na mgbe akụkụ nke olu dara n'okpuru ọnụ ụzọ nke ihe dịka 0.329.30, ihe nhazi ahụ na-agbaji n'oge a na-agbakọta.Na omume, ọnụ ụzọ a nwere ike ịdị ntakịrị ala n'ihi na nkewa na mbelata genus na-eme n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ oge na-eme n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ oge tụnyere ma ọ bụ karịa ngụkọta oge mwepụ alloy na nnwale a.Eziokwu ahụ bụ na ụlọ ndị e kenyere na Cu70Ag30 gbazere na-ejigide iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe ha n'agbanyeghị na ρ (d) dị ntakịrị n'okpuru 0.3 na nkezi nso nke d na-egosi na nkewa, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla, na-eme naanị obere akụkụ.Ọnụ ụzọ irighiri olu maka nkewa nwekwara ike dabere na mgbasa na nnata.
Ọmụmụ ihe a na-ebute nkwubi okwu abụọ.Nke mbụ, yana ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ, enwere ike ịchịkwa topology nke ihe owuwu ndị enyere LMD site na ịhọrọ agbaze.Site n'ịhọrọ agbaze iji belata solubility nke ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe A nke AXB1-X base alloy na agbaze, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere oke, enwere ike ịmepụta ihe nhazi nke ukwuu nke na-ejigide ịdị n'otu ya ọbụna na obere mkpokọta nke ala X na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe. .Amara na mbụ na nke a ga-ekwe omume maka ECD25, mana ọ bụghị maka LMD.Nkwubi okwu nke abụọ, nke kachasị mkpa, bụ ihe mere na LMD nwere ike ichekwa iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nhazi site n'ịgbanwe usoro ntinye aka, nke na-adọrọ mmasị n'onwe ya ma nwee ike ịkọwa ihe ngosi nke alloy TaTi anyị dị ọcha Cu na CuAg na-agbaze na , kamakwa na. n'ozuzu iji dokwuo anya dị mkpa, ndịiche eleleghị anya na mbụ n'etiti ECD na LMD.
Na ECD, a na-edobe ịdị n'otu nke ihe owuwu ahụ site na idobe ọnụego mwepụ adịghị ọcha na ọkwa X dị ala, nke na-anọgide na-adịgide adịgide n'oge maka ike ịnya ụgbọ ala a kapịrị ọnụ, nke pere mpe iji dobe ihe nhụsianya zuru oke B n'ime ihe nkedo siri ike n'oge mwepụ adịghị ọcha iji nọgide na-enwe. olu siri ike.Iberibe ρ buru ibu iji gbochie nkewa25.Na LMD, ọnụego mwepu alloy \(d{x}_{i}(t)/dt=\sqrt{p{D}_{l}/t}\) na-ebelata ka oge na-aga n'ihi oke mgbasa nke kinetics.Ya mere, n'agbanyeghị ụdị agbaze agbaze nke na-emetụta naanị nọmba Peclet p, ọnụ ọgụgụ delamination ngwa ngwa na-erute uru dị ntakịrị iji jide ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru ezu nke B na ihe nkedo siri ike, nke a na-egosipụta kpọmkwem n'eziokwu na ρ na delamination. n'ihu na-anọgide na-adịgide adịgide na oge.Eziokwu na n'elu ọnụ ụzọ nkewa.Dị ka e gosiri site frasi field simulation, peel ọnụego na-erukwa ngwa ngwa uru obere iji mebie uto nke eutectic bond, si otú ikwado guzobe nke topologically bonded Ọdịdị n'ihi mpụta mkpatụ ngagharị nke lamellae.Ya mere, isi ihe dị iche n'etiti ECD na LMD dị na mgbanwe nke delamination n'ihu site na nhazi ime nke oyi akwa mgbe ekewachara na ρ, kama ọnụego delamination.
Na ECD, ρ na njikọta na-anọgide na-adịgide adịgide na oyi akwa dịpụrụ adịpụ.Na LMD, n'ụzọ dị iche, ha abụọ na-adịgasị iche n'ime oyi akwa, nke egosiri n'ụzọ doro anya na ọmụmụ ihe a, nke na-esetịpụ mkpokọta atomic na nkesa nke ρ n'ime omimi nke ihe owuwu ekenye nke LMD kere.Enwere ihe abụọ kpatara mgbanwe a.Nke mbụ, ọbụlagodi na oke solubility efu A, gradient B n'ime mmiri mmiri, nke na-adịghị na DZE, na-ebute gradient A n'ime ihe nkedo siri ike, nke dị na nha kemịkalụ na mmiri mmiri.Ihe gradient A, n'aka nke ya, na-ebute gradient ρ n'ime oyi akwa na-enweghị adịghị ọcha.Nke abuo, ntapu nke A n'ime mmiri mmiri n'ihi na-abụghị efu solubility na-emeziwanye mgbanwe ohere nke ρ n'ime oyi akwa a, na mbelata solubility na-enyere aka mee ka ρ dị elu na nke dị n'otu oghere iji nọgide na-enwe njikọ.
N'ikpeazụ, evolushọn nke njikọ nha na njikọta n'ime oyi akwa e kenyere n'oge LMD dị mgbagwoju anya karịa n'elu mgbasa-oke capillary coarsening na obere olu mgbe niile, dị ka e chere na mbụ site na ntụnyere ya na nchikota nke ihe owuwu ECD nanoporous annealed.Dị ka e gosiri ebe a, ịkpakọba ihe na LMD na-apụta n'ụdị akụkụ siri ike dịgasị iche iche na-enwekarị mmetụta site na nnyefe nke A na B na ọnọdụ mmiri mmiri site na delamination n'ihu ruo na nsọtụ oyi akwa ahụ gbasasịrị.Iwu nlegharị anya maka ịkwakọba capillary mmachi site n'elu ma ọ bụ nnukwu mgbasa enweghị ike ịkọwa mgbanwe dị na obosara na anya dị n'etiti ngwugwu n'ime oyi akwa ewepụtara, na-eche na njem A na B jikọtara ya na gradients nke mmiri na-arụ ọrụ nhata ma ọ bụ otu.Dị mkpa karịa ibelata ebe interface ahụ.Mmepe nke echiche nke na-echebara mmetụta ndị a dị iche iche echiche bụ atụmanya dị mkpa maka ọdịnihu.
A zụtara alloys ọnụọgụ abụọ Titanium-tantalum n'aka Arcast, Inc (Oxford, Maine) site na iji 45 kW Ambrell Ekoheat ES induction ike ọkọnọ na akwa ọla kọpa jụrụ oyi.Mgbe ọtụtụ okpomọkụ gasịrị, a na-ekpochapụ alloy ọ bụla maka awa 8 na okpomọkụ n'ime 200 ° C. nke ebe mgbaze iji nweta homogenization na ọka ọka.Ihe nlele ndị e bepụrụ site na ingot nna ukwu a bụ nke agbadoro na wires Ta ma kwụsịtụrụ na ogwe aka rọbọt.A na-akwadebe baths metal site na ikpokọta ngwakọta nke 40 g Cu (McMaster Carr, 99.99%) na Ag (Kurt J. Lesker, 99.95%) ma ọ bụ Ti particles na ike dị elu site na iji 4 kW Ameritherm Easyheat induction kpo oku usoro ruo mgbe mgbasa zuru oke.bat.kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ gbazee.Belata ike ahụ ma mee ka ịsa ahụ kpalie ma mee ka ọ bụrụ ọkara elekere na mmeghachi omume okpomọkụ nke 1240 ° C.Mgbe ahụ, a na-ewetu ogwe aka roboti ahụ, a na-emikpu ihe nlele ahụ n'ime bat maka oge a kara aka ma wepụ ya maka oyi.A na-eme kpo oku niile nke billet alloy na LMD na ikuku nke argon dị ọcha (99.999%).Mgbe ewepụchara alloy ahụ, a na-ehichapụ akụkụ obe nke ihe nlele ahụ ma nyochaa ya site na iji microscopy anya na nyocha eletrọnịkị (SEM, JEOL JSM-6700F).Emere nyocha nke elemental site na ike dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) na SEM.A na-ahụ microstructure akụkụ atọ nke ihe nlele ndị a ahọpụtara site na igbasa usoro bara ụba ọla kọpa siri ike na ngwọta nitric acid 35% (ọkwa nyocha, Fluka).
Emere ihe ngosi a site na iji ụdị emepụtara na mbụ nke ubi nke nbibi oge nke ternary alloy15.Ihe nlereanya ahụ metụtara mgbanwe nke ngalaba ngalaba ϕ, nke na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti usoro siri ike na nke mmiri mmiri, na mpaghara ịta ahụhụ ci nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe.A na-egosipụta ike n'efu nke usoro ahụ dị ka
ebe f (φ) bụ ihe mgbochi abụọ nwere ike na minima na φ = 1 na φ = 0 kwekọrọ na ihe siri ike na mmiri mmiri, n'otu n'otu, na fc (φ, c1, c2, c3) bụ ntinye aka kemịkalụ na nnwere onwe olu na-akọwa njupụta ike. nke thermodynamic Njirimara alloy.Iji mee ka mgbaze nke Cu ma ọ bụ CuTi dị ọcha na-agbaze n'ime alloys TaTi, anyị na-eji otu ụdị fc (φ, c1, c2, c3) na paramita dị ka ọ dị na ntụaka.15. Iji wepụ TaTi alloys na CuAg melts, anyị emeela ka ọ dị mfe usoro quaternary (CuAg) TaTi ka ọ bụrụ usoro ternary dị irè nke dị iche iche dabere na ntinye Ag, dị ka akọwara na ntinye mgbakwunye 2. The evolution equations for the phase field and the E nwetara ogige ịta ahụhụ n'ụdị dị iche iche n'ụdị
Ebe \({M}_{ij}={M}_{l}(1-\phi){c}_{i}\ekpe({\delta}_{ij}-{c}_{j} \ aka nri)\) bụ atomic mobility matrix, na Lϕ na-achịkwa kinetics nke mgbakwunye atọm na interface mmiri siri ike.
Enwere ike ịchọta data nnwale na-akwado nsonaazụ ọmụmụ a na faịlụ data mgbakwunye.Enyere paramita simulation na ozi ndị ọzọ.A na-enwetakwa data niile site n'aka ndị odee dị iche iche mgbe a rịọrọ ya.
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