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Anyị nyochara mmetụta nke mpaghara elu akọwapụtara na njirimara electrochemical nke NiCo2O4 (NCO) maka nchọpụta glucose.NCO nanomaterials nke nwere mpaghara elu a na-achịkwa nke ọma ka emepụtara site na njikọ hydrothermal na mgbakwunye, yana nanostructures na-agbakọta onwe ya na hedgehog, agịga pine, tremella na ifuru dị ka morphology ka emepụtakwara.Ihe ọhụrụ nke usoro a dabere na njikwa usoro nke ụzọ mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ site n'ịgbakwunye ihe mgbakwunye dị iche iche n'oge njikọta, nke na-eduga n'ịmepụta morphologies dị iche iche na-akpaghị aka na-enweghị ọdịiche ọ bụla na nhazi kristal na steeti kemịkalụ nke ihe mejupụtara.Njikwa morphological nke NCO nanomaterials na-eduga na mgbanwe dị ukwuu na arụmọrụ electrochemical nke nchọpụta glucose.Na mgbakwunye na njirimara ihe onwunwe, a tụlere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mpaghara elu kpọmkwem na arụmọrụ electrochemical maka nchọpụta glucose.Ọrụ a nwere ike inye nghọta sayensị gbasara nlegharị anya mpaghara elu nke nanostructures nke na-ekpebi ọrụ ha maka ngwa enwere ike na glucose biosensors.
Ọkwa glucose ọbara na-enye ozi dị mkpa gbasara ọnọdụ metabolic na physiological nke ahụ1,2.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọkwa glucose na-adịghị mma n'ime ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị mkpa na-egosi nsogbu ahụike siri ike, gụnyere ọrịa shuga, ọrịa obi, na oke ibu3,4,5.Ya mere, nyochaa ọkwa shuga dị n'ọbara mgbe niile dị ezigbo mkpa maka ịnọgide na-enwe ezi ahụike.Ọ bụ ezie na a kọwo ụdị sensọ glucose dị iche iche na-eji nchọpụta physicochemical, obere mmetụta na oge nzaghachi ngwa ngwa na-anọgide na-egbochi usoro nlekota glucose na-aga n'ihu6,7,8.Na mgbakwunye, ihe mmetụta glucose electrochemical ugbu a na-ewu ewu dabere na mmeghachi omume enzymatic ka nwere oke ụfọdụ n'agbanyeghị uru ha nke nzaghachi ngwa ngwa, nghọta dị elu na usoro nrụpụta dị mfe9,10.Ya mere, a mụọla ụdị sensọ electrochemical dị iche iche na-abụghị enzymatic iji gbochie denaturation enzyme ma na-ejigide uru nke biosensors electrochemical9,11,12,13.
Ngwakọta metal Transition (TMCs) nwere oke ọrụ catalytic zuru oke gbasara glucose, nke na-agbasawanye ngwa ha na sensọ glucose electrochemical13,14,15.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-atụpụta atụmatụ dị iche iche ezi uche dị na ya na ụzọ dị mfe maka njikọ nke TMS iji meziwanye mmetụta uche, nhọrọ, na nkwụsi ike electrochemical nke nchọpụta glucose16,17,18.Dị ka ihe atụ, enweghị mgbagha metal oxides dị ka ọla kọpa oxide (CuO) 11,19, zinc oxide (ZnO)20, nickel oxide (NiO) 21,22, cobalt oxide (Co3O4) 23,24 na cerium oxide (CeO2) 25 bụ. electrochemical na-arụ ọrụ n'ihe gbasara glucose.Ọganihu n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na ọnụọgụ abụọ metal oxides dị ka nickel cobaltate (NiCo2O4) maka nchọpụta glucose egosila mmetụta synergistic ndị ọzọ n'ihe gbasara ụbara ọrụ eletrik26,27,28,29,30.Karịsịa, kpọmkwem mejupụtara na morphology akara na-etolite TMS na dị iche iche nanostructures nwere ike n'ụzọ dị irè dịkwuo nchọpụta uche n'ihi na ha buru ibu n'elu ebe, n'ihi ya, a na-atụ aro nke ukwuu ịzụlite morphology achịkwa TMS maka mma glucose nchọpụta20,25,30,31,32, 33.34, 35 .
N'ebe a, anyị na-akọ NiCo2O4 (NCO) nanomaterials nwere ụdị dị iche iche maka nchọpụta glucose.A na-enweta NCO nanomaterials site na usoro hydrothermal dị mfe site na iji ihe mgbakwunye dị iche iche, ihe mgbakwunye kemịkalụ bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi na nchikota onwe nke nanostructures nke dị iche iche morphologies.Anyị ji usoro nyocha nyocha nke ọma mmetụta NCO nwere ụdị dị iche iche na arụmọrụ elektrọn ha maka nchọpụta glucose, gụnyere uche, nhọrọ, oke nchọpụta dị ala, na nkwụsi ike ogologo oge.
Anyị mebere NCO nanomaterials (nke akpọrọ UNCO, PNCO, TNCO na FNCO n'otu n'otu) na microstructures yiri urchins nke oke osimiri, agịga pine, tremella na ifuru.Ọgụgụ 1 na-egosi ụdịdị dị iche iche nke UNCO, PNCO, TNCO, na FNCO.Ihe onyonyo SEM na onyonyo EDS gosiri na Ni, Co, na O na-ekesa nke ọma na NCO nanomaterials, dị ka egosiri na Figure 1 na 2. S1 na S2, n'otu n'otu.Na fig.2a,b na-egosi ihe onyonyo TEM nnọchite anya nke NCO nanomaterials nwere ụdị ọdịdị dị iche.UNCO bụ microsphere na-achịkọta onwe ya (dayameta: ~ 5 µm) nke nanowires nwere nanoparticles NCO (nkezi nha: 20 nm).A na-atụ anya na microstructure a pụrụ iche ga-enye nnukwu ebe dị elu iji kwado mgbasa electrolyte na njem elektrọn.Mgbakwunye nke NH4F na urea n'oge njikọ rụpụtara nnukwu acicular microstructure (PNCO) 3 µm ogologo na 60 nm n'obosara, nke nwere nnukwu nanoparticles.Mgbakwunye nke HMT kama ịbụ NH4F na-ebute morphology dị ka tremello (TNCO) nwere nanosheets wrinkled.Iwebata NH4F na HMT n'oge njikọ na-eduga na nchịkọta nke nanosheets wrinkled n'akụkụ, na-ebute ọdịdị ọdịdị ifuru (FNCO).Ihe onyonyo HREM (Fig. 2c) na-egosi eriri grating dị iche iche nwere oghere interplanar nke 0.473, 0.278, 0.50, na 0.237 nm, kwekọrọ na (111), (220), (311), na (222) NiCo2O4 ụgbọ elu, s 27 .ahọpụtara ụkpụrụ mgbasa ozi elektrọn (SAED) nke NCO nanomaterials (tinyere na Fig. 2b) kwenyekwara ọdịdị polycrystalline nke NiCo2O4.Nsonaazụ nke elu-angle annular dark imaging (HAADF) na nkewa EDS na-egosi na a na-ekesa ihe niile n'otu n'otu na NCO nanomaterial, dị ka egosiri na Fig. 2d.
Ihe atụ nke usoro nhazi nke NiCo2O4 nanostructures nwere usoro nhazi nke a na-achịkwa.Eserese na ihe onyonyo SEM dị iche iche na-egosikwa nanostructures.
Ngosipụta gbasara mmụọ na nhazi nke NCO nanomaterials: (a) onyonyo TEM, (b) onyonyo TEM yana ụkpụrụ SAED, (c) onyonyo HRTEM edoziri na onyonyo HADDF kwekọrọ nke Ni, Co, na O na (d) NCO nanomaterials..
A na-egosipụta ụkpụrụ nhụsianya X-ray nke NCO nanomaterials nke ụdị ọdịdị dị iche iche na fig.3a.Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu na 18.9, 31.1, 36.6, 44.6, 59.1 na 64.9 ° na-egosi ụgbọ elu (111), (220), (311), (400), (511) na (440) NiCo2O4, n'otu n'otu, nke nwere cubic. Ọdịdị spinel (JCPDS No. 20-0781) 36. A na-egosi ihe ngosi FT-IR nke NCO nanomaterials na fig.3b.Otu egwu ịma jijiji abụọ siri ike na mpaghara n'etiti 555 na 669 cm–1 kwekọrọ na ọla (Ni na Co) oxygen sitere na ọnọdụ tetrahedral na octahedral nke NiCo2O437 spinel, n'otu n'otu.Iji ghọta nke ọma ihe nhazi nke NCO nanomaterials, Raman spectra nwetara dị ka e gosiri na Fig. 3c.Ọnụ ugwu anọ ahụ hụrụ na 180, 459, 503, na 642 cm-1 kwekọrọ na ụdị Raman F2g, E2g, F2g, na A1g nke NiCo2O4 spinel, n'otu n'otu.Emere nha XPS iji chọpụta ọnọdụ kemịkalụ elu nke ihe ndị dị na NCO nanomaterials.Na fig.3d na-egosi ụdịdị XPS nke UNCO.Ụdị dị iche iche nke Ni 2p nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ isi abụọ dị na ike jikọtara ike nke 854.8 na 872.3 eV, kwekọrọ na Ni 2p3/2 na Ni 2p1/2, yana satịlaịtị abụọ na-ama jijiji na 860.6 na 879.1 eV, n'otu n'otu.Nke a na-egosi ịdị adị nke Ni2+ na Ni3+ steeti oxidation na NCO.Ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu gburugburu 855.9 na 873.4 eV bụ maka Ni3+, ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu gburugburu 854.2 na 871.6 eV bụ maka Ni2+.N'otu aka ahụ, ụdịdị Co2p nke abụọ spin-orbit doublets na-ekpughe ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu maka Co2+ na Co3+ na 780.4 (Co 2p3/2) na 795.7 eV (Co 2p1/2).Ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na 796.0 na 780.3 eV kwekọrọ na Co2+, na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na 794.4 na 779.3 eV kwekọrọ na Co3+.Ekwesiri ighota na steeti polyvalent nke ion metal (Ni2+/Ni3+ na Co2+/Co3+) na NiCo2O4 na-akwalite mmụba nke ọrụ electrochemical37,38.Ihe nkiri Ni2p na Co2p maka UNCO, PNCO, TNCO, na FNCO gosipụtara nsonaazụ yiri ya, dịka egosiri na fig.S3.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ihe ngosi O1 nke ihe niile NCO nanomaterials (Fig. S4) gosipụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ abụọ na 592.4 na 531.2 eV, bụ ndị e jikọtara na-ahụkarị metal-oxygen na oxygen bonds na hydroxyl ìgwè nke NCO elu, karị39.Ọ bụ ezie na ihe owuwu nke NCO nanomaterials yiri, ọdịiche dị na morphological na mgbakwunye na-egosi na ihe mgbakwunye ọ bụla nwere ike itinye aka dị iche iche na mmeghachi omume kemịkal iji mepụta NCO.Nke a na-achịkwa usoro nucleation dị mma na nke ọka, si otú a na-achịkwa nha nha na ogo agglomeration.Ya mere, njikwa usoro usoro dị iche iche, gụnyere mgbakwunye, oge mmeghachi omume, na okpomọkụ n'oge njikọ, enwere ike iji chepụta microstructure ma melite arụmọrụ electrochemical nke NCO nanomaterials maka nchọpụta glucose.
(a) X-ray diffraction patterns, (b) FTIR na (c) ụdịdị Raman nke NCO nanomaterials, (d) ụdịdị XPS nke Ni 2p na Co 2p sitere na UNCO.
Ụdị ọdịdị nke NCO nanomaterials a na-emegharị emegharị nwere njikọ chiri anya na nhazi nke usoro mmalite nke enwetara site na mgbakwunye dị iche iche nke e gosipụtara na Figure S5.Na mgbakwunye, X-ray na Raman ụdịdị dị iche iche nke ihe atụ ndị a kwadebere ọhụrụ (Figures S6 na S7a) gosiri na ntinye aka nke ihe mgbakwunye kemịkalụ dị iche iche butere ọdịiche dị iche iche nke crystallographic: Ni na Co carbonate hydroxides bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na urchins dị n'oké osimiri na usoro agịga pine, ebe dị ka ihe owuwu n'ụdị tremella na ifuru na-egosi ọnụnọ nickel na cobalt hydroxides.A na-egosi ihe ngosi FT-IR na XPS nke ihe atụ ndị a kwadebere na ọnụ ọgụgụ 1 na 2. S7b-S9 na-enyekwa ihe àmà doro anya nke ọdịiche crystallographic ahụ e kwuru n'elu.Site na ihe onwunwe nke ihe atụ ndị a kwadebere, ọ bịara doo anya na ihe mgbakwunye na-etinye aka na mmeghachi omume hydrothermal ma na-enye ụzọ mmeghachi omume dị iche iche iji nweta usoro mbụ dị iche iche morphologies40,41,42.Nchịkọta onwe nke ụdị dị iche iche, nke nwere otu akụkụ (1D) nanowires na akụkụ abụọ (2D) nanosheets, kọwara site na ọnọdụ kemịkalụ dị iche iche nke usoro mbụ (Ni na Co ions, yana otu ọrụ), sochiri kristal growth42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47. N'oge nhazi post-thermal, a na-agbanwe usoro mmalite dị iche iche na spinel NCO ka ha na-ejigide ọdịdị ọdịdị ha pụrụ iche, dị ka e gosiri na 1 na 2. 2 na 3a.
Esemokwu gbasara mmụọ na NCO nanomaterials nwere ike imetụta mpaghara ala electrochemically na-arụ ọrụ maka ịchọpụta glucose, si otú a na-ekpebi njirimara electrochemical zuru oke nke ihe mmetụta glucose.A na-eji N2 BET adsorption-desorption isotherm mee atụmatụ nha nha na mpaghara elu nke NCO nanomaterials.Na fig.4 na-egosi BET isotherms nke dị iche iche NCO nanomaterials.E mere atụmatụ n'elu BET kpọmkwem maka UNCO, PNCO, TNCO na FNCO na 45.303, 43.304, 38.861 na 27.260 m2/g, n'otu n'otu.UNCO nwere ebe elu BET kachasị elu (45.303 m2 g-1) yana oke pore (0.2849 cm3 g-1), na nkesa pore dị warara.E gosipụtara nsonaazụ BET maka NCO nanomaterials na Tebụl 1. N2 adsorption-desorption curves dị nnọọ ka ụdị IV isothermal hysteresis loops, na-egosi na ihe nlele niile nwere usoro mesoporous48.A na-atụ anya ka Mesoporous UNCO nwere mpaghara elu kachasị elu yana oke pore ga-enye ọtụtụ saịtị na-arụsi ọrụ ike maka mmeghachi omume redox, na-eduga na arụmọrụ electrochemical ka mma.
Nsonaazụ BET maka (a) UNCO, (b) PNCO, (c) TNCO, na (d) FNCO.Ntinye ahụ na-egosi nkesa nha nha nha nha nha.
A na-enyocha mmeghachi omume redox electrochemical nke NCO nanomaterials nwere ụdị dị iche iche maka nchọpụta glucose site na iji nha CV.Na fig.5 na-egosi akụkụ CV nke NCO nanomaterials na 0.1 M NaOH alkaline electrolyte na enweghị 5 mM glucose na nyocha nyocha nke 50 mVs-1.Na enweghị glucose, a na-ahụ ọnụ ọgụgụ redox na 0.50 na 0.35 V, kwekọrọ na oxidation metụtara M-O (M: Ni2 +, Co2 +) na M * -O-OH (M *: Ni3 +, Co3+).na-eji OH anion.Mgbe agbakwunyere glucose 5 mmM, mmeghachi omume redox n'elu NCO nanomaterials mụbara nke ukwuu, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi oxidation nke glucose na gluconolactone.Ọnụọgụ S10 na-egosi ọnụọgụ redox kacha elu na ọnụego nyocha nke 5-100 mV s-1 na ngwọta 0.1 M NaOH.O doro anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke redox ugbu a na-abawanye site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nyocha na-arịwanye elu, na-egosi na NCO nanomaterials nwere ụdị mgbasa ozi na-achịkwa àgwà electrochemical50,51.Dị ka e gosiri na foto S11, a na-eme atụmatụ na mpaghara electrochemical (ECSA) nke UNCO, PNCO, TNCO, na FNCO bụ 2.15, 1.47, 1.2, na 1.03 cm2, n'otu n'otu.Nke a na-egosi na UNCO bara uru maka usoro electrocatalytic, na-enyere aka ịchọpụta glucose.
Usoro CV nke (a) UNCO, (b) PNCO, (c) TNCO, na (d) FNCO electrodes na-enweghị glucose ma gbakwunye ya na 5 mM glucose na ọnụ ọgụgụ nyocha nke 50 mVs-1.
A na-enyocha arụmọrụ electrochemical nke NCO nanomaterials maka nchọpụta glucose na nsonaazụ ya gosipụtara na Fig. 6. Achọpụtara mmetụta glucose site na usoro CA site na ntinye nzọụkwụ nke ọkwa dị iche iche nke glucose (0.01-6 mM) na 0.1 M NaOH ngwọta na 0.5. V na nkeji nke 60 s.Dị ka e gosiri na fig.6a-d, NCO nanomaterials na-egosi mmetụta dị iche iche sitere na 84.72 ruo 116.33 µA mM-1 cm-2 nwere ọnụọgụ njikọ dị elu (R2) site na 0.99 ruo 0.993.A na-egosi usoro nhazi n'etiti mkpokọta glucose na mmeghachi omume NCO nanomaterials ugbu a na fig.S12.Oke nchọta gbakọọ (LOD) nke NCO nanomaterials dị na nso nke 0.0623–0.0783 µM.Dị ka nsonaazụ nke ule CA si kwuo, UNCO gosipụtara mmetụta kachasị elu (116.33 μA mM-1 cm-2) n'ọtụtụ nchọpụta.Enwere ike ịkọwa nke a site n'ụdị ọdịdị nke oke osimiri urchin pụrụ iche, nke nwere ihe owuwu mesoporous nwere nnukwu mbara elu nke na-enye ọtụtụ saịtị na-arụ ọrụ maka ụdị glucose.Ọrụ electrochemical nke NCO nanomaterials ewepụtara na Tebụl S1 na-akwado ọmarịcha nchọpụta glucose electrochemical nke NCO nanomaterials a kwadebere na ọmụmụ a.
Nzaghachi CA nke UNCO (a), PNCO (b), TNCO (c), na FNCO (d) electrodes na glucose agbakwunyere na 0.1 M NaOH ngwọta na 0.50 V. Ihe ntinye na-egosi nhazi nhazi nke nzaghachi ugbu a nke NCO nanomaterials: (e ) Nzaghachi KA nke UNCO, (f) PNCO, (g) TNCO, na (h) FNCO na mgbakwunye nzọụkwụ nke 1 mM glucose na 0.1 mM ihe na-egbochi (LA, DA, AA, na UA).
Ikike mgbochi nnyonye anya nke ịchọpụta glucose bụ ihe ọzọ dị mkpa na nhọpụta na nleba anya nke glucose site na ntinye ọnụ.Na fig.6e-h na-egosi ikike mgbochi nnyonye anya nke NCO nanomaterials na ngwọta 0.1 M NaOH.A na-ahọrọ ụmụ irighiri ihe na-etinyekarị aka dị ka LA, DA, AA na UA ma tinye ya na electrolyte.Nzaghachi ugbu a nke NCO nanomaterials na glucose pụtara ìhè.Otú ọ dị, nzaghachi ugbu a na UA, DA, AA na LA agbanweghị, nke pụtara na NCO nanomaterials gosipụtara nhọrọ dị mma maka nchọpụta glucose n'agbanyeghị ọdịiche ha.Ọnụ ọgụgụ S13 na-egosi nkwụsi ike nke NCO nanomaterials nyocha site na nzaghachi CA na 0.1 M NaOH, ebe 1 mM glucose agbakwunyere na electrolyte ogologo oge (80,000 s).Nzaghachi dị ugbu a nke UNCO, PNCO, TNCO, na FNCO bụ 98.6%, 97.5%, 98.4%, na 96.8%, n'otu n'otu, nke mbụ ugbu a yana mgbakwunye nke 1 mM glucose ọzọ mgbe 80,000 s gasịrị.Ihe niile NCO nanomaterials na-egosipụta mmeghachi omume redox kwụsiri ike na ụdị glucose n'ime ogologo oge.Karịsịa, mgbaàmà UNCO dị ugbu a abụghị naanị jigide 97.1% nke mbụ ugbu a, kamakwa ọ jigidere morphology ya na njikọ kemịkalụ mgbe ule nkwụsi ike gburugburu ụbọchị 7 gachara (Njirimara S14 na S15a).Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a nwalere mmeghari na mmeghari nke UNCO dị ka egosiri na Fig. S15b, c.Ọkpụkpọ ọkọlọtọ Relative Standard (RSD) gbakọọ nke mmeghari na mmeghari bụ 2.42% na 2.14%, n'otu n'otu, na-egosi ngwa ndị nwere ike dị ka ihe mmetụta glucose ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.Nke a na-egosi nkwụsi ike nhazi na kemịkal dị mma nke UNCO n'okpuru ọnọdụ oxidizing maka nchọpụta glucose.
O doro anya na arụmọrụ electrochemical nke NCO nanomaterials maka nchọpụta glucose na-emetụta ya na uru nhazi nke mbụ nke a kwadebere site na usoro hydrothermal na mgbakwunye (Fig S16).Mpaghara elu dị elu UNCO nwere saịtị elektrọnik karịa nanostructures ndị ọzọ, nke na-enyere aka melite mmeghachi omume redox n'etiti ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ụmụ irighiri glucose.Ọdịdị mesoporous nke UNCO nwere ike ikpughe ọtụtụ saịtị Ni na Co na electrolyte iji chọpụta glucose, na-ebute nzaghachi ngwa ngwa electrochemical.Nanowires nwere otu akụkụ dị na UNCO nwere ike ịbawanye ọnụego mgbasawanye site na ịnye ụzọ njem dị mkpụmkpụ maka ion na eletrọn.N'ihi njirimara nhazi pụrụ iche a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu, arụmọrụ electrochemical nke UNCO maka nchọpụta glucose dị elu karịa nke PNCO, TNCO, na FNCO.Nke a na-egosi na ọdịdị UNCO pụrụ iche nke nwere mpaghara elu kachasị elu na nha pore nwere ike inye ọmarịcha ọrụ electrochemical maka nchọpụta glucose.
A mụrụ mmetụta nke mpaghara elu kpọmkwem na njirimara electrochemical nke NCO nanomaterials.NCO nanomaterials nwere akụkụ dị iche iche akọwapụtara nke ọma nwetara site na usoro hydrothermal dị mfe na mgbakwunye dị iche iche.Ihe mgbakwunye dị iche iche n'oge njikọ na-abanye n'ime mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ dị iche iche wee mepụta usoro mmalite dị iche iche.Nke a emeela ka a na-agbakọta onwe ya dị iche iche nanostructures nwere ụdị ọdịdị yiri hedgehog, pine agịga, tremella, na ifuru.Igwe kpo oku na-esote na-eduga na ọnọdụ kemịkalụ yiri nke crystalline NCO nanomaterials nwere usoro spinel ka ha na-ejigide ọdịdị ọdịdị ha pụrụ iche.Dabere na mpaghara elu nke morphology dị iche iche, arụ ọrụ electrochemical nke NCO nanomaterials maka nchọpụta glucose ka emelitere nke ukwuu.Karịsịa, mmetụta glucose nke NCO nanomaterials nwere ọdịdị ọdịdị nke urchin nke oké osimiri mụbara ruo 116.33 µA mM-1 cm-2 yana ọnụọgụ njikọ dị elu (R2) nke 0.99 na usoro ahịrị nke 0.01-6 mM.Ọrụ a nwere ike inye ntọala sayensị maka injinia morphological iji mezie mpaghara elu dị iche iche wee kwalite arụmọrụ electrochemical nke ngwa biosensor na-abụghị enzymatic.
Ni (NO3) 2 6H2O, Co (NO3) 2 6H2O, urea, hexamethylenetetramine (HMT), ammonium fluoride (NH4F), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), d- (+) -glucose, lactic acid (LA), dopamine hydrochloride ( DA), L-ascorbic acid (AA) na uric acid (UA) ka zụtara n'aka Sigma-Aldrich.Reagents niile ejiri mee ihe bụ ọkwa nyocha ma ejiri ya mee ihe na-enweghị nchacha ọzọ.
NiCo2O4 mebere site na usoro hydrothermal dị mfe na-esote ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ.Na nkenke: 1 mmol nke nickel nitrate (Ni (NO3) 2∙6H2O) na 2 mmol nke cobalt nitrate (Co (NO3) 2∙6H2O) ka agbazere na 30 ml nke mmiri distilled.Iji chịkwaa ọdịdị ọdịdị nke NiCo2O4, a na-ahọrọ ihe mgbakwunye dị ka urea, ammonium fluoride na hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) na ngwọta dị n'elu.A na-ebufe ngwakọta ahụ dum na 50 ml Teflon-lined autoclave ma mee ka mmeghachi omume hydrothermal na oven convection na 120 ° C. maka awa 6.Mgbe ikuku jụrụ oyi n'ime ụlọ, a na-agbanye mmiri na-esi na ya pụta ma jiri mmiri distilled na ethanol sachaa ọtụtụ oge, wee kpoo ya n'otu abalị na 60 Celsius.Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-agbakọta ihe nlele ndị a kwadebere ọhụrụ na 400 Celsius maka awa 4 na ikuku gburugburu.Edepụtara nkọwapụta nke nnwale ndị a na Tebụl Ozi Mgbakwụnye S2.
A na-eme nyocha nyocha X-ray (XRD, X'Pert-Pro MPD; PANalytical) site na iji radieshon Cu-Kα (λ = 0.15418 nm) na 40 kV na 30 mA iji mụọ ihe nhazi nke ihe niile NCO nanomaterials.Edekọbara ụkpụrụ nhụsianya n'ogo nke akụkụ 2θ 10-80 ° yana nzọụkwụ nke 0.05 °.A na-enyocha morphology dị n'elu na microstructure site na iji microscopy eletrọnịkị na-enyocha ikuku (FESEM; Nova SEM 200, FEI) na nyocha eletrọnịkị eletrọnịnụ (STEM; TALOS F200X, FEI) nwere ike dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).A na-enyocha ọnọdụ valence nke elu site na X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS; PHI 5000 Versa Probe II, ULVAC PHI) site na iji radieshon Al Kα (hν = 1486.6 eV).Emebere ike njikọ ahụ site na iji ọnụ ọgụgụ C 1 dị na 284.6 eV dị ka ntụnye aka.Mgbe akwadochara ihe nlele na ụmụ irighiri ihe KBr, edekọtara ihe nkiri Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) na oke ebili mmiri 1500-400 cm–1 na Jasco-FTIR-6300 spectrometer.E nwetakwara ihe nkiri Raman site na iji Raman spectrometer (Horiba Co., Japan) nwere laser He-Ne (632.8 nm) dị ka isi mmalite mkpali.Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET; BELSORP mini II, MicrotracBEL, Corp.) ji BELSORP mini II analyzer (MicrotracBEL Corp.) tụọ ala okpomọkụ N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms iji tụọ kpọmkwem ebe elu na pore size nkesa.
A na-eme nha electrochemical niile, dị ka cyclic voltammetry (CV) na chronoamperometry (CA), na PGSTAT302N potentiostat (Metrohm-Autolab) na ụlọ okpomọkụ site na iji usoro electrode atọ na 0.1 M NaOH ngwọta mmiri.A na-eji electrode na-arụ ọrụ dabere na carbon electrode enyo (GC), electrode Ag/AgCl, na efere platinum dị ka electrode na-arụ ọrụ, electrode, na counter electrode, n'otu n'otu.Edere CV n'etiti 0 na 0.6 V na ọnụego nyocha dị iche iche nke 5-100 mV s-1.Iji tụọ ECSA, a na-eme CV na nso nke 0.1-0.2 V na ọnụego nyocha dị iche iche (5-100 mV s-1).Nweta mmeghachi omume CA nke nlele maka glucose na 0.5 V na mkpali.Iji tụọ uche na nhọrọ, jiri 0.01-6 mM glucose, 0.1 mM LA, DA, AA, na UA na 0.1 M NaOH.A nwalere mmeghari nke UNCO site na iji elektrọd atọ dị iche iche agbakwunyere na glucose 5 mM n'okpuru ọnọdụ kacha mma.A na-enyochakwa nkwugharị ahụ site na iji otu electrode UNCO mee nha atọ n'ime awa 6.
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